Successful engraftment of HLA-haploidentical related transplants using nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine, busulfan and anti-T-lymphocyte globulin.
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Antilymphocyte Serum↗
Biomedical subjects
T Fujioka
Publications and source records attributed to T Fujioka.
Effects of rebamipide, a gastro-protective drug on the Helicobacter pylori status and inflammation in the gastric mucosa of patients with gastric ulcer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial.
AIMS: To investigate the effects of rebamipide on the Helicobacter pylori eradication rate with amoxicillin and omeprazole. The trial also examined its histological effects on gastro-mucosal inflammation after eradication. METHODS: Two hundred and six H. pylori-positive patients with active gastric ulcer underwent 8-week based therapy (OA) consisting of 2-week amoxicillin with omeprazole and subsequent 6-week omeprazole. They randomly received either rebamipide (OA-R) or placebo (OA-P) for 16 weeks: combined with the OA based therapy, and subsequently for another 8 weeks. Besides eradication rate, inflammatory findings of gastric mucosa after eradication were evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Per Protocol Set analysis showed no significant difference in eradication rate between OA-R (64.6%; 95% confidence interval, 54.3-75.0%) and OA-P (67.9%; 95% CI, 57.6-78.3%). Histological findings in the gastric mucosa of the ulcer region, however, indicated a significant improvement (P = 0.017) in inflammation scores in OA-R (1.84 +/- 0.41) compared with that in OA-P (2.02 +/- 0.39) after 16-weeks of treatment. This suppressive effect on inflammation was observed even in the OA-R patients unsuccessfully eradicated. CONCLUSION: Rebamipide demonstrated a suppressive effect on the persistent and possibly chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa of the ulcer region after eradication, but the drug did not improve the eradication rate.
Adult↗
Efficacy of triple therapy comprising rabeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole for second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication in Japan, and the influence of metronidazole resistance.
BACKGROUND: The widespread use of eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori in Japan has led to an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains and the problem of re-treatment in cases of eradication failure. AIM: To perform drug sensitivity testing for metronidazole in 92 H. pylori-positive patients who had failed eradication treatment with first-line triple therapy, consisting of a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and were administered metronidazole-containing second-line therapy. METHODS: Second-line eradication therapy, consisting of rabeprazole (20 mg b.d.), amoxicillin (750 mg b.d.) and metronidazole (250 mg b.d.), was administered for 1 week and the eradication rates and influence of metronidazole resistance were determined. RESULTS: The eradication rates for rabeprazole-amoxicillin-metronidazole were 88% (81/92) using intention-to-treat analysis and 91% (81/89) using per protocol analysis. The eradication rates were 97% (61/63) for metronidazole-sensitive strains and 82% (18/22) for metronidazole-resistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: As second-line H. pylori eradication treatment in Japan, rabeprazole-amoxicillin-metronidazole triple therapy is effective, even with metronidazole-resistant strains.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
Childhood Helicobacter pylori infection in a murine model: maternal transmission and eradication by systemic immunization using bacterial antigen-aluminium hydroxide.
In humans, transmission of Helicobacter pylori is thought to occur largely during childhood. Infected mothers are generally considered to be the main source of the pathogen. However, little is known about when and how often maternal transmission of H. pylori occurs during childhood. In the present study, we examined these issues in an experimental murine model. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice, infected experimentally with H. pylori, delivered and nursed their litters. The stomachs of the infants were isolated and assessed for transmission of H. pylori. We also investigated the effect of systemic immunization using H. pylori antigen-aluminium hydroxide (AlOH) with regard to providing anti-H. pylori immunity and eradicating the maternally transmitted bacteria in infants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine the presence of transmitted bacteria and their eradication. Maternal transmission of H. pylori varied widely during the nursing period, but almost all litters showed bacterial transmission at 2 weeks postpartum. Systemic immunization with bacterial antigen-AlOH eradicated the bacteria in most litters; this immunization induced a local decrease of Th2 cytokines and a local increase of Th1 cytokines in the gastric tissue, as determined by ELISA. Our results indicate that our H. pylori vaccine provides not only protection, but also eradication of the already transmitted H. pylori.
Aluminum Hydroxide↗
Clinical evaluation of combined endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy of gastric varices in liver cirrhosis.
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) using cyanoacrylate and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) are the main procedures used to treat gastric varices. However, neither technique is free of problems. EIS for gastric varices may cause embolism in other organs; B-RTO requires a gastrorenal shunt and may aggravate esophageal varices. We have developed a combined form of endoscopic therapy involving band ligation and sclerotherapy which is an effective and safe procedure for treating gastric varices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients with gastric varices and liver cirrhosis were treated at Almeida Memorial Hospital from June 1997 to May 2002 using the combined procedure. Each gastric varix was tightly ligated with O-rings, and 1 % polidocanol was injected into the submucosa around the ligated varix. If necessary, additional sclerotherapy was carried out after the initial treatment. RESULTS: The rate of hemostasis for variceal bleeding was 100 %, and no critical complications were noted. Complete disappearance of the gastric varices was observed endoscopically in all cases. Computed tomography showed that collateral vessels outside the gastric wall were not occluded by the treatment. Endoscopic follow-up examinations were carried out, and gastric varices recurred in seven patients (12.5 %). Only two of the patients (3.6 %) had a small amount of oozing bleeding. Additional endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and/or EIS were performed in these seven cases, and none of the patients died as a result of a bleeding gastric varix. CONCLUSIONS: The combined procedure was easily performed immediately after endoscopic examination, and required no special apparatus. It was found to be a safe and effective method of treating gastric varices.
Adult↗
The auditory evoked magnetic fields to very high frequency tones.
We studied the auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) in response to pure tones especially at very high frequencies (from 4000 Hz to 40,000 Hz). This is the first systematic study of AEFs using tones above 5000 Hz, the upper audible range of humans, and ultrasound. We performed two experiments. In the first, AEFs were recorded in 12 subjects from both hemispheres under binaural listening conditions. Six types of auditory stimulus (pure tones of five different frequencies: 4000 Hz, 8000 Hz, 10,000 Hz, 12,000 Hz, 14,000 Hz, and a click sound as the target stimulus) were used. In the second experiment, we used 1000 Hz, 15,000 Hz, and two ultrasounds with frequencies of 20,000 Hz and 40,000 Hz. The subjects could detect all stimuli in the first experiment but not the ultrasounds in the second experiment. We analyzed N1m, the main response with approximately 100 ms in peak latency, and made the following findings. (1) N1m responses to the tones up to 12,000 Hz were clearly recorded from at least one hemisphere in all 12 subjects. N1m for 14,000 Hz was identified in at least one hemisphere in 10 subjects, and in both hemispheres in six subjects. No significant response could be identified to ultrasounds over 20,000 Hz. (2) The amplitude of the N1m to the tones above 8000 Hz was significantly smaller than that to 4000 Hz in both hemispheres. There was a tendency for the peak latency of the N1m to be longer for the tones with higher frequencies, but no significant change was found. (3) The equivalent current dipole (ECD) of the N1m was located in the auditory cortex. There was a tendency for the ECD for the tones with higher frequencies to lie in more medial and posterior areas, but no significant change was found. (4) As for the interhemispheric difference, the N1m amplitude for all frequency tones was significantly larger and the ECDs were estimated to be located more anterior and medial in the right hemisphere than the left. The priority of the right hemisphere, that is the larger amplitude, for very high frequency tones was confirmed. (5) The orientation of the ECD in the left hemisphere became significantly more vertical the higher the tones. This result was consistent with previous studies which revealed the sensitivity of the frequency difference in the left hemisphere. From these findings we suggest that tonotopy in the auditory cortex exists up to the upper limit of audible range within the small area, where the directly air-conducted ultrasounds are not reflected.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Drug combinations with amoxycillin reduce selection of clarithromycin resistance during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy.
This study investigated the relationship between the drug combinations of the eradication regimens and the prevalence of acquired resistance to clarithromycin. Of 540 patients treated with anti-Helicobacter pylori regimens containing clarithromycin, 55 patients (31 males, mean age, 45.6 years) with failed eradication of H. pylori that was susceptible to clarithromycin before treatment were included. The E test was used to test for susceptibility to clarithromycin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) <1 mg/l). Of the 55 patients, 33 (60.0%) developed clarithromycin resistance after failed eradication. Of the dual therapies, the combination of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and clarithromycin resulted in 88.9% (8/9) of the patients acquiring clarithromycic-resistance. With the triple therapies, the percentages of patients acquiring clarithromycin resistant strains after using a PPI+clarithromycin+amoxycillin or a PPI+clarithromycin+metronidazole were 38.7% (12/31) and 90.0% (9/10), respectively (P<0.01). These data suggest that regimens containing amoxycillin may prevent the selection of secondary clarithromycin resistance.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
Sensitivity of biopsy site in evaluating regression of gastric atrophy after Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment.
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of the progress of gastric glandular atrophy, a high-risk background factor in the development of gastric cancer. Regression of gastric atrophy is critical to prevention of cancer by H. pylori eradication treatment. However, it is controversial whether gastric atrophy regresses after H. pylori eradication. AIM: To determine the most sensitive and appropriate biopsy site for evaluation of regression of atrophy after treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients who showed regression of gastric atrophy in histology after treatment were investigated. Four biopsy specimens from the lesser and greater curvatures in the antrum and corpus were evaluated before and after treatment according to the Updated Sydney System. RESULTS: Regression of atrophy after treatment was seen in 30 of 38 biopsy specimens from the lesser curvature of the corpus (79%), and this site was most sensitive. Odds ratio of this site to the others was 8.28. Regression of atrophy in this site was observed at 12.2 months in the younger patients and 15.9 months in the elder patients. CONCLUSION: Biopsy sampling from the lesser curvature of the corpus is the most sensitive and appropriate for evaluation of regression of gastric atrophy after H. pylori eradication treatment.
Adult↗
Eradication rates of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori using either rabeprazole or lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin.
BACKGROUND: The resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin has become one of the primary reasons for eradication failure. AIM: To compare the eradication rates of triple therapy using amoxicillin (A), clarithromycin (C) and rabeprazole (R) or lansoprazole (L) against clarithromycin-sensitive and clarithromycin-resistant strains. METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-five patients were randomly divided into four groups and treated for 1 week: 147 cases were treated with RAC, i.e. 49 cases with R20C400 (10 mg R + 750 mg A + 200 mg C, twice daily), 48 cases with R40C400 (20 mg R + 750 mg A + 200 mg C, twice daily) and 50 cases with R40C800 (20 mg R + 750 mg A + 400 mg C, twice daily); 148 cases with treated with LAC (30 mg L + 750 mg A + 200 mg C, twice daily). RESULTS: According to intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses, the eradication rates were 88% and 91% with RAC and 78% and 81% with LAC; the eradication rates with R20C400, R40C400 and R40C800 were 94%, 81% and 86%, respectively, in the intention-to-treat analysis. In addition, the eradication rates for clarithromycin-sensitive strains with RAC and LAC were 98% and 89%, respectively, and for clarithromycin-resistant strains with RAC and LAC were 8.1% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The eradication rate was significantly higher with RAC than LAC. The eradication rate for clarithromycin-resistant strains was low in both groups, and an improved eradication rate could not be achieved by changing the dose of clarithromycin or proton pump inhibitor.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
Allelotype analysis of gallbladder carcinoma associated with anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary duct.
Anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary duct (AJPBD) patients has an increased risk of gallbladder and bile duct carcinomas. However, the relevance of carcinoma with AJPBD is not fully clarified. We performed analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at p53 locus and immunohistochemistry of p53 and K-ras gene mutation in five cases of gallbladder carcinoma associated with AJPBD. LOH of p53 locus and overexpression of p53 were detected in two out of five (40%) and five out of five (100%), respectively, in the present study. K-ras gene mutation at codon 12 and 13 was not detected (0%, 0/5). These results suggest that aberrations of p53 are involved in carcinogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma associated with AJPBD. Next, in order to find the genetic events besides K-ras mutation and overexpression of mutant p53 in this disease, LOH analysis was performed using 72 microsatellite markers. High frequency of allelic loss (> 50%) was found on 2p (81.8%), 4p (50%), 4q (50%), 8q (60%), 9q (50%), 10p (50%), 14p (60%), 14q (50%), 16p (60%), 19p (50%), 21p (50%) and Xp (66.6%). The highest deletion regions on chromosome 2p24 (3/3, 100%), 14q22 (3/4, 75%) and 21q22 (3/4, 75%) were found. The present study suggests that gallbladder carcinoma associated with AJPBD has high frequent allelic loss and has two new regions which may harbor putative tumor suppressor genes.
Aged↗
Effect of methylprednisolone on the kinetics of cytokines and liver function of regenerating liver in rats.
The participation of cytokines in the early stage mechanism of hepatocyte proliferation has already attracted attention. We investigated the effect of methylprednisolone (MDS), which inhibits the inflammatory response, given before and after a 70% partial hepatectomy in rats on the kinetics of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and Interleukin-6, liver cell function and the rate of liver regeneration. Serum Interleukin-6 levels of the MDS groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and hyaluronic acid levels were also significantly decreased, however, the serum albumin level showed high values in the MDS groups. In the MDS groups, MIB-5 labeling indices, a novel antibody reactive with the equivalent Ki-67 protein, which detects immunohistochemically all active parts of the cell cycle in the rat liver, were more pronounced than in the control group at an earlier time. However, in regard to 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), there were no significant differences among the three groups. There were no differences in residual liver weight/body weight between the three groups after 336 h. In our study, MDS administration before or after a 70% partial hepatectomy decreased serum Interleukin-6 levels, and inhibited hepatic dysfunction. Therefore, we considered that beneficial effects of physiological doses of MDS in the peri-operative period should be confirmed in humans.
Journal Article↗
Endothelial dysfunction and decreased exercise tolerance in interferon-alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C: relation between exercise hyperemia and endothelial function.
BACKGROUND: We previously reported that reversible endothelial dysfunction is caused by interferon-alpha therapy (IFN) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. In experimental studies, limb blood flow during exercise is reported to be dependent on endothelium-derived nitric oxide. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of IFN on endothelial function and to investigate whether exercise hyperemia is dependent on endothelial function in humans. METHODS: We performed symptom-limited exercise treadmill testing and measured flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD, endothelium-dependent vasodilation) and sublingual glyceryl-trinitrate-induced dilation (GTN-D, 0.3 mg, endothelium-independent vasodilation) in the brachial artery by using high-resolution ultrasound in 10 patients with chronic active hepatitis C (age 53 +/- 11 years, 2 men, 8 women) before and immediately after administration of recombinant interferon 2b (10 million U/day) for 4 weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant abnormal findings in any patients in routine studies of 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring, two-dimensional echocardiography, and exercise treadmill testing both before and after treatment. Leg fatigue and exhaustion were the reasons for termination of exercise treadmill testing in each patient. Pressure rate product was calculated at rest and peak exercise. Interferon-alpha therapy significantly (p<0.05) decreased FMD (6.8 +/- 3.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 2.6%), exercise treadmill testing tolerance time (437 +/- 89 vs. 395 +/- 62 s) and peak pressure rate product (283 +/- 41 vs. 241 +/- 47 mmHg x beats/min x 10(-2)), but not GTN-D (13.4 +/- 5.4 vs. 17.0 +/- 5.5%). The change of FMD due to IFN significantly and highly correlated with exercise treadmill testing tolerance time (r = 0.86, p<0.001), but not with change of peak pressure rate product, suggesting that FMD is more closely related to the condition of the peripheral circulation than is cardiac performance. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that IFN in patients with chronic hepatitis C impairs endothelial function and exercise tolerance, and that endothelial function might be at least partly involved in exercise hyperemia in humans.
Adult↗
Modulation of susceptibility and resistance to an autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis in prototypically susceptible and resistant strains by neutralization of interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, respectively.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, is mediated by Th1 cells. The major Th1 inducer, IL-12, enhances EAE, while its blockade suppresses it. IL-4 suppresses EAE. Here, we determined IFN-gamma and IL-4 production by myelin basic protein-stimulated lymphocytes from prototypically EAE-susceptible SJL/J and EAE-resistant BALB/c mice, 9 days after immunization with spinal cord homogenate. While lymphocytes from SJL/J mice produce IFN-gamma and no IL-4, lymphocytes from BALB/c mice produce IL-4 and no IFN-gamma. Since early endogenous production of IL-12/IFN-gamma or IL-4 is linked to Th1 or Th2 responses, respectively, we determined whether neutralization of IL-12 or IL-4 at immunization modifies susceptibility or resistance to EAE. SJL/J mice given neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAb are protected from EAE. BALB/c mice given neutralizing anti-IL-4 mAb develop EAE, while those treated with control antibody remain resistant. These studies confirm the pivotal role of IL-12 in EAE development and show that endogenous IL-4 is important for determining the genetic resistance to EAE.
Animals↗
The effects of ovariectomy and female sex hormones on hepatic metallothionein-I gene expression after injection of cadmium chloride in mice.
Metallothioneins (MTs) have a low molecular weight and have been considered to be important metal-binding proteins in defense from cadmium (Cd) toxicity in animals. These proteins are known to be induced by the injection of heavy metals such as Cd. Previously, we developed the measurement of the MT mRNA expression by the RT-PCR method. In this study, to clarify the relation between Cd-induced MT-I mRNA expression and female sex hormones in liver, we investigated the influences of the ovariectomy and female sex hormones on hepatic MT-I mRNA expression after Cd injection, and also investigated the effects of aging on hepatic MT-I mRNA expression in mice after Cd injection. We analysed the MT-I mRNA expression by the RT-PCR method. Cd-induced MT-I mRNA expression in ovariectomized mice was more than that in sham-operated mice (9 weeks old). Both 17 beta -estradiol and progesterone reduced the Cd-induced MT-I mRNA expression in ovariectomized mice (9 weeks old). Moreover, the MT-I mRNA expression in male mice was more than that of females (9 weeks old). However, the sex difference in the gene expression was not found in younger (4 weeks old) or older (46 weeks old) mice. These results suggest that the expression of hepatic MT-I mRNA after Cd injection is influenced by female sex hormones.
Animals↗
Lethal adenovirus infection in a patient who had undergone nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation.
We present a case of adenovirus (ADV) infection in a patient who had undergone nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST). A 50-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the second chronic phase underwent NST from an HLA 2-loci-mismatched sibling. ADV hemorrhagic cystitis developed and progressed to lethal pneumonia. ADV was isolated from urine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and postmortem specimens of kidney and liver. Because there are few reports of lethal pneumonia associated with ADV in Japan, we present the case and discuss the cause of and therapy for the infection.
Adenoviridae Infections↗
Anti-transforming growth factor-beta1 antibody transiently enhances DNA synthesis during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats.
The regulation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) is complex and involves many different cytokines. We investigated the role of one of these, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), an inhibitor of liver regeneration, in a Wistar male rat model, in which anti-TGF-beta1 antibody was injected immediately or 24 h after 70% PHx. Livers from treated animals contained an increased number of cells in S phase, according to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling 36 h after PHx. Antibody administration 24 h after PHx resulted in the highest peak of proliferation; moreover, peak MIB-5 labeling was also observed at that time. However, neither residual liver-weight-to-body-weight ratios nor regeneration rates differed significantly between any of the animals. Therefore, we also measured levels of serum TGF-beta1 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; an activator). With antibody administration at 0 or 24 h, TGF-beta1 levels were diminished at 24 or 36 h as compared with levels in control rats, but then rebounded, reaching a delayed peak at 48 or 72 h after PHx, respectively. Interestingly, there were also similar trends in HGF levels. These results indicate that TGF-beta1 may inhibit the G1 checkpoint, and serum TGF-beta1 concentration may influence HGF to regulate liver regeneration and to maintain homeostasis of proliferation after PHx.
Analysis of Variance↗
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and correlation between severity of upper gastrointestinal lesions and H. pylori infection in Japanese patients with Crohn's disease.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Crohn's disease (CD) patients was investigated to determine whether the presence and severity of gastroduodenal lesions were related to H. pylori infection. METHODS: Infection rates were compared between CD group (n = 90) and the control group (n = 525). Correlations between endoscopically detected lesions and H. pylori positive rates were investigated. The relationship between drug therapy and the prevalence of H. pylori infection was also analyzed. RESULTS: H. pylori-positive rate of the 90 CD patients attending our clinic was 16.7%, significantly lower than the rate in healthy controls (40.2%) (P = 0.0001). The involvement of H. pylori infection in the gastroduodenal lesions of CD patients was also examined. The prevalence of gastroduodenal lesions in all CD patients was high, 92.2%. The lesions observed included ulcers, erosion, and "bamboo joint-like lesions" of the stomach, and ulcers, erosion, stenosis, and elevated lesions of the duodenum. None of these lesions were found to be related to H. pylori infection. However, H. pylori infection was found to exacerbate gastric ulcers (P = 0.036). The analysis of a possible relationship between a history of drug therapy and the low prevalence of H. pylori infection in CD patients showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infection was significantly lower in patients who had received antibiotics for 2 weeks or more (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that H. pylori infection is essentially unrelated to the gastroduodenal lesions observed in CD. It seems likely, however, that H. pylori infection may exacerbate gastric ulcers and that H. pylori can be eradicated by prolonged use of antibiotics.
Adolescent↗
Modulating effects of prenatal stress on hyperthermia induced in adult rat offspring by restraint or LPS-induced stress.
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of prenatal stress on stress-induced hyperthermia in adult rats. Prenatal stress was administered daily for 3 days (embryonic days 15-17) by restraining pregnant rats in a small cage either for 30 or 240 min. After birth, foster mothers raised the pups. Offspring were tested at 9-10-weeks-old. Changes in body temperature and in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (Epi) induced by restraint or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stress were examined. By comparison with the prenatally nonstressed control group, the 240-min stress group showed a significantly lower hyperthermia in response to restraint stress but a higher fever after injection of LPS. The 30-min stress group showed similar alterations in these hyperthermic responses but did not reach significance. Both the restraint stress and the injection of LPS evoked greater increases in the plasma level of corticosterone in the 240-min stress group than in the control group. Although restraint stress induced significant increases in NE and Epi in the control and 30-min stress groups, the plasma levels of these catecholamines did not increase in the 240-min stress group. These results demonstrate for the first time that prenatal stress has opposite effects on the hyperthermic responses to restraint and LPS injection, suggesting that different mechanisms underlie the modulating effects of prenatal stress on the responses to the two types of stressors.
Animals↗