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Biomedical subjects

T F McLaughlin

Publications and source records attributed to T F McLaughlin.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of increased response effort and reinforcer delay on choice and aberrant behavior.

A four-phase investigation was completed to analyze the utility of forced-choice preference assessments when response effort and reinforcer delays are altered within a subsequent reinforcer assessment. The results indicated that access to highly preferred stimuli continued to serve as a reinforcer when increased response effort was required. When reinforcer delay was increased, the utility of preferred stimuli to serve as a reinforcer was variable. Despite stimuli continuing to serve as reinforcers for academic task engagement, increased response effort and reinforcer delay resulted in an increased level of aberrant behavior.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1996

Use of assisted reading to increase correct reading rates and decrease error rates of students with learning disabilities.

The effects of assisted reading on 3 elementary students with learning disabilities were evaluated using a multiple baseline design. Data were collected from the students' oral reading from their basal texts. The results indicated an increase in number of words read correctly as well as a decrease in the number of words read incorrectly when assisted reading was used in the classroom.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Effects of learner-centered laboratory activities on achievement and students' preferences in two high school biology courses.

The effects of two types of teaching procedures in two sections of high school biology on 46 students' achievement and preferences were examined using a pre-posttest comparison-group design. The 19 students in the lab group were taught a unit in cell biology through lecture and a guided laboratory approach. The comparison group of 27 were students in 12th grade biology who were taught the same material by lecture and nonexperimental learner-centered activities. Pre- and posttest scores on an examination requiring formal operational reasoning and a teacher-designed questionnaire were analyzed. Students in the laboratory group scored significantly higher at posttest, but no significant differences in students' preferences were found. In high school biology instruction, use of guided laboratory activities may be advantageous.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Use of assisted reading to improve reading rate, word accuracy, and comprehension with ESL Spanish-speaking students.

The present experiment examined the effectiveness of an assisted reading program on reading rates and comprehension of three Spanish-speaking students learning English. The effects of assisted reading on reading rate, word accuracy, and comprehension were examined using a multiple-baseline design across individuals. Increases in words read correctly per minute with repeated readings of the passage and on new passages, decreases in errors per minute, and increases in comprehension were noted.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Use of a timeout ribbon with and without consequences as procedures to improve a child's compliance.

The purpose of the present case study was to evaluate use of a timeout ribbon with and without student-selected consequences on the compliance of a preschool student with disabilities. An ABACBC single-subject replication design was used. Compliance was low during the first baseline condition. When the timeout ribbon procedure was implemented in the classroom, compliance increased, but a return to baseline produced low compliance. When consequences were added to the timeout ribbon procedure, the child's compliance improved further. Additional replications of timeout ribbon and the timeout ribbon plus consequences generated less and less compliance. Possible reasons for the lack of robust findings were discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Developing care plans for psychosocial nursing diagnoses.

In 1992, the Nursing Department Documentation Committee at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital decided to revise the process of and forms for documenting nursing diagnoses. A sub-committee developed a format for standardized nursing care plans and piloted its use on two patient care units. The unit nursing staffs selected a number of common nursing diagnoses and, using the new format, developed standardized nursing care plans for them. After refining the process based on this pilot, the development of care plans was extended to all patient care units. A collaborative partnership was then formed between interested Primary Nurses, the Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist and the Nursing Practice Coordinator to focus on developing psychosocially-oriented care plans as well as physically-oriented plans. Although psychosocial diagnoses are less frequently identified in the assessment process and included in nursing care planning, they are still very important for providing comprehensive care. This article describes the process of developing and implementing psychosocial care plans. This article also describes the components of the standardized nursing care plans developed for four psychosocial nursing diagnoses.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Use of contingency contracting to increase on-task behavior with primary students.

The effectiveness of contingency contracting to improve the on-task behavior of 3 primary-age students was evaluated using an ABABA single-subject replication design. The contract was developed by the teacher and the consequences were selected by the students. Increases in on-task behavior were observed each time that the contingency contracts were in effect. This study has important implications for the use of contracting with primary school children.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

Characteristics common to females who exhibit anorexic or bulimic behavior: a review of current literature.

This paper reviews recent literature on the characteristics of females who exhibit anorexic or bulimic symptoms. Although researchers categorize bulimics as either binge/restrictors or binge/purgers, this paper does not distinguish between the two with regard to characteristics. Personal, cognitive, and physical characteristics, as well as external influences, are examined for each. An additional purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of risk factors that may predispose an individual to bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1983

Differential effects of oral reading to improve comprehension with severe learning disabled and educable mentally handicapped students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral reading as a teaching technique for improving reading comprehension of 11 Educable Mentally Handicapped or Severe Learning Disabled adolescents. Students were tested on their ability to answer comprehension questions from a short factual article. Comprehension improved following the oral reading for students with a reading grade equivalent of less than 5.5 (measured from the Wide Range Achievement Test) but not for those students having a grade equivalent of greater than 5.5. This association was statistically significant (p = less than .01). Oral reading appeared to improve comprehension among the poorer readers but not for readers with moderately high ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Intrinsic reinforcers in a classroom token economy.

An inexpensive, easily managed token economy was used in a normal classroom for one academic year, and data were collected for the entire academic performance in spelling, language, handwriting, and math for that year. During a baseline period, assignment completion was variable. The introduction of a token economy with a point exchange every five days increased assignment completion and decreased variability of performance. An application of a token economy that had a point exchange averaging four days was accompanied by an assignment completion rate that approximated 100%. A reinforcement contingency for which quiet behavior rather than for assignment completion was eased quiet behavior was accompanied by a marked diminution of assignment completion. A reintroduction of the token reinforcement for assignment completion system increased assignment completion again.

Journal Article↗