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Biomedical subjects

T F Anders

Publications and source records attributed to T F Anders.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Sleeping through the night: a developmental perspective.

This study examines falling asleep and night waking in human infants during the first 8 months of life. All-night time-lapse video recordings were obtained at 3 weeks and 3 months of age; a Sleep Habits Interview was completed at these ages and repeated at 8 months of age by telephone interview. At the 3-week and 3-month ages, self-report measures of maternal psychologic distress, depression, and self-esteem were also obtained. The data are examined from both cross-sectional (age group) and longitudinal (individual) perspectives. Parent-infant interactions at bedtime and during the middle of the night changed significantly with increasing age. At 3 weeks of age, most infants were put into their cribs for the night already asleep. When they awakened in the middle of the night, they were removed from their cribs. By the time they returned to their cribs, they were again asleep. By 3 months of age, infants who were put into the crib awake at bedtime and allowed to fall asleep on their own were more likely to return to sleep on their own after awakenings later in the night. In contrast, infants who were put into the crib already asleep at the beginning of the night were significantly more likely to be removed from the crib following a subsequent nighttime awakening. Thus, the pattern of bedtime sleep onset was related to sleep onset following an awakening in the middle of the night. This association was present at 8 months as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

Implications of research on infant development for psychodynamic theory and practice.

Recent research on infant development is reviewed to consider its implications for psychodynamic theory and practice. To address the question of the importance of early experiences for development, research on continuities and discontinuities in development, temperament, motivational systems in infancy, affect development and regulation, development of the sense of self, and infant-caregiver attachment are reviewed. Two major implications emerge, both emphasizing the need for more complexities in our conceptualizations. First, research on infant development underscores the importance of context in development and cautions about the limits of reductionistic thinking and theories. Second a major paradigmatic shift away from the fixation-regression model of psychopathology and development is indicated. A new model that better fits available data is proposed instead. In this continuous construction model, there is no need for regression, and ontogenetic origins of psychopathology are no longer necessarily tied to specific critical or sensitive periods in development. Implications for psychodynamic treatment are also described.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Infant temperament, sleep organization, and nighttime parental interventions.

Objective measures of sleep-wake organization derived from time-lapse video recordings were compared with parental perceptions of infant temperament in 23 infants 6 months of age. Although both mothers' and fathers' ratings of infant temperament were correlated with variables reflecting sleep continuity, results for fathers were much more striking. Infants who required care giving during the night were rated as significantly more difficult and arrhythmic by fathers than by mothers. All infants awakened during the night. Some of them soothed themselves and returned to sleep; however, others signaled and required care giving interventions from their parents before returning to sleep. No differences in variables reflecting the biology of sleep distinguished "signaling" infants and "self-soothing" infants, although feedings at bedtime (breast or bottle) were more common in the signaling group.

Attitude↗
PubMed1986

Empirically derived subclassification of the autistic syndrome.

A method is presented for empirical subclassification of autistic and autisticlike children, based on observations of current behavior. The advantage of the method is that it identifies profiles of co-occurring behaviors and accordingly assigns children to subtypes. The subtypes are more clinically homogeneous than the overall sample of autistic children. Preliminary findings are presented, including an effort to validate the subclasses by suggesting possible relationships between subtype membership and perinatal markers, developmental milestones, and independent measures of concurrent behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Adolescent mothers' prenatal fantasies and working models of their infants.

Parents' perceptions of their children have long fascinated clinicians. During early infancy, parental perceptions are particularly interesting, largely because of the ambiguity of infant behavior and the possibility that there might be meaningful biases in parental interpretations of their infants' behaviors. In order to explore the early development of parental perceptions, the study described in this paper compared the prenatal and postnatal perceptions of adolescent mothers about specific characteristics and behaviors of their infants. Mothers' internal mental representations or "working models" of their infants are a fruitful area for further research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Measuring difficult temperament in infancy.

Thirty-four couples rated their 6-month-old first-born infants' temperaments with Bates' Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ) and Carey's Infant Temperament Questionnaire (ITQ). Mothers and infants were videotaped in their homes during feedings on two consecutive days to assess mother and infant behavior. Results indicated that parents had moderate agreement about their own infant's temperament on the ICQ. There was little convergence between the ICQ and the ITQ measures of infant difficulty. ICQ parent-rated unpredictable infants were rated by observers as less responsive during the feedings. These results are discussed in the context of the meaning and measurement of infant temperament.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Developing perceptions of temperament and their relation to mother and infant behavior.

Controversies about temperamental assessments raise questions about whether questionnaires, which assess parental perceptions of temperament, validly measure within-child characteristics. Thirty-eight couples were recruited from childbirth classes for a short-term longitudinal study. Mother's perceptions of activity, rhythmicity and mood were moderately stable from late pregnancy to 6 mth postnatally. Only father's perceptions of activity were stable during this time. Infants rated by parents as difficult on the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire at 6 mth were rated by observers as less responsive while being fed by their mothers. Results are discussed in the context of influences on parental perceptions of temperament.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1985

Developmental course of nighttime sleep-wake patterns in full-term and premature infants during the first year of life. I.

Two groups of infants (40 normal full-term, 24 prematurely born infants) were matched on conceptional age and were studied at seven ages during the first year of life. All-night time-lapse video somnography was obtained n the home at 2, 4, 8, 20, 24, 36, and 52 weeks of age. The developmental course of sleep-wake state proportions, sleep onset indices, and special variables assessing temporal organization are compared. Age-appropriate developmental norms for sleep-wake state assessment during the first year of life are presented, using video somnography. In general, sleep-wake state ontogenesis is comparable in the two groups. The premature group is more variable from one age to the next, even though both groups demonstrate significant individual stability of some sleep-wake variables over the first year of life.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Sleep-wake state organization, neonatal assessment and development in premature infants during the first year of life. II.

Twenty four premature infants were evaluated in their homes at seven ages during the first year of life to determine whether sleep-wake state organization was related to either neonatal assessment or short-term developmental outcome measures. A model assessing environmental and biological influences on the maturational course of selected sleep-wake state parameters was also evaluated. Sleep-wake state variables and neonatal assessment items were related to each other, and both predicted developmental quotients at 6 months and 1 year of age. Concordance was present primarily in the domain of motor activities. Waking motor behaviors and motor activity in sleep seem to independently reflect an infant's level of developmental organization. Individual sleep-wake state variables were influenced by both biological and environmental factors during maturation. The developmental course of quiet sleep is primarily biologically determined, as evidenced by its relationship to the infant's birth status (gestational age or birth weight); the infant's behavior that results in being taken from the crib during the night, and the course of his/her sleep that occurs between midnight and morning are dependent on both biological factors (perhaps infant irritability), and post-birth experiences (perhaps the caregiver's response to infant irritability). The course of active sleep and wakefulness are dependent solely on environmental influences, and not on maturity at birth.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1984

The detection of behavioral state cycles and classification of temporal structure in behavioral states.

Previous methods for the analysis of temporal structure in sleep and other state time series have described cycles, rhythms, and semi-Markov chains. Methods, however, have been subjective and arbitrary. We propose an objective system of classification for these series, based on definitions of temporal structure which are consistent with those long used in the analysis of quantitative series. An ordered sequence of statistical tests is described which classifies observed behavioral state time series into four primary categories. The system is illustrated with examples from normal infant sleep. The results show that some infant sleep series are cycles, as previously reported, some are semi-Markov chains, and some are neither. The proposed objective methods promise consistency, clarity, and a richer understanding of behaviors such as sleep.

Arousal↗
PubMed1982

Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of neuronal development: relation to infantile autism.

This paper attempts to view the autistic syndrome in the context of a disorder of brain development. The authors review some of the known or suspected causes of the autistic syndrome: maternal rubella, metabolic diseases, and heredity. Some basic principles of cellular neuroanatomy and chemical neurotransmission are sketched. The stages of human brain development from neurulation through histogenesis, cell migration, and elaboration of dendritic trees and axonal projections are described. The authors conclude that there are a limited number of developmental loci that could be disrupted and lead to the autistic syndrome, and that these most probably occur in the end stages of neuronal development, after the migrating neurons have reached their final place in the brain and have begun to elaborate communicative processes. Finally, the authors speculate on how neurochemical disturbances might alter end stage neuronal differentiation leading to the pathology of infantile autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1979

Enuresis: the clinical application of an etiologically based classification system.

Enuresis is a common problem of childhood, but both a theoretical understanding and an etiologically based clinical approach to the symptom are lacking. The present descriptive study was undertaken to delineate subgroups within large, heterogeneous populations of enuretic children between the ages of four and 14. A number of variables were assessed through a detailed parental history for 116 enuretic children. Several relevant and significant correlations were identified, but overall no clinically useful patterns involving sleep stages, psychopathology, environmental events, or medical or family history were discovered. The results of this study confirm recent work in the field of enuresis and emphasize the need for new research directions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Sleep habits of children and the identification of pathologically sleepy children.

Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness have been investigated only minimally in children. The sleep habits of 218 children, ages 10-13 years, were surveyed by a sleep habits questionnaire (SHQ). Our results demonstrate that total night time sleep on school nights begins to fall in early adolescence, whereas it remains relatively stable on non-school nights. Daytime sleepiness is not a common problem in this age group, in contrast to a college age population. We conclude that in adolescence chronic sleep deficits begin to occur which cumulatively affect later functioning. The potential use of the SHQ for depicting pathological sleepiness is also discussed.

Adolescent↗