[Protein transport of chloroplast proteins].
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Biological Transport↗
Biomedical subjects
T Endo
Publications and source records attributed to T Endo.
[Anaerobic bacillus pyothorax with the production of gas and severe mediastinal shift].
A 62-year-old man was admitted with the complaints of chronic sputum, dyspnea, and general weakness. Chest X-ray and computed tomographic films disclosed severe mediastinal shift and left lung collapse due to the accumulation of fluid and gas in the left pleural space. A puncture of the thoracic cavity yielded a milk-coffee-like purulent pleural effusion with stool odor, suggesting pyothorax with pneumothorax or broncho-pleural fistula. Chest tube drainage was performed. The elimination of gas was transient; subsequently, no air leaks were observed during deep breathing, suggesting the absence of pneumothorax and broncho-pleural fistula. An anaerobic culture of pleural effusion was prepared and a Bacteroides species was isolated. These clinical findings indicated that the intrathoracic gas could have been produced by anaerobic bacilli. Systemic antibiotic chemotherapy with chest tube drainage achieved recovery. The production of gas in focal lesions is one noted symptom of anaerobic bacillus infection. However, to our knowledge, cases of anaerobic bacillus pyothorax generating large volumes of intrathoracic gas are rare.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Complete hydatidiform mole coexisting with a live fetus after gamete intrafallopian transfer. A case report.
BACKGROUND: Molar pregnancy with a coexisting live fetus is a rare occurrence. We report the only known case with a surviving coexistent fetus after gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). CASE: After GIFT, a 28-year-old primary infertility patient was diagnosed as having a complete hydatidiform mole coexisting with a live fetus at 13 weeks of gestation. At 36 weeks of gestation, a cesarean section was performed due to elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels, and a male infant with a normal appearance and weighing 2,688 g was delivered. CONCLUSION: If the patient desires to try to carry the fetus to viability after counseling on the possible associated risks of malignancy, it is possible to achieve fetal viability if (1) there is decline in the serum hCG level after it peaks before the second trimester, (2) ultrasound reveals degeneration of the molar part, and (3) there are no complications of pregnancy.
Adult↗
Metabolic activation of N-alkylnitrosamines in genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing CYP2E1 or CYP2A6 together with human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.
A Salmonella typhimurium tester strain YG7108 2E1/OR co-expressing human CYP2E1 together with human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (OR) was established. The mutagen-activating capacity of human CYP2E1 for N-alkylnitrosamines was compared with that of CYP2A6 using the YG7108 2E1/OR and the YG7108 2A6/OR strains of SALMONELLA: Salmonella YG7108 2A6/OR is a derivative of YG7108 co-expressing CYP2A6 together with OR. Eight N-alkylnitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosomethylphenylamine (NMPhA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were examined. CYP2E1 expressed in the YG7108 2E1/OR cells showed mutagen-activating capacity, as indicated by induced revertants/min/pmol cytochrome P450, for NDMA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NPYR and NNK, but not NMPhA and NNN. CYP2A6 activated NDMA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NMPhA, NPYR, NNN and NNK. The ratio of the mutagen-activating capacity seen with CYP2A6 to that seen with CYP2E1 was calculated for each N-alkylnitrosamine. In the case of NDMA, NPYR and NDEA, the ratio was under 1.0, while the ratio was over 1.0 with NDPA, NDBA, NNK, NMPhA and NNN. We conclude that human CYP2E1 is mainly responsible for the metabolic activation of N-nitrosamines with a relatively short alkyl chain(s), whereas CYP2A6 was predominantly responsible for the metabolic activation of N-alkylnitrosamines possessing a relatively bulky alkyl chain(s).
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
[Reactivation of hepatitis B virus after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with positive hepatitis B surface antibodies].
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients with positive hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) has been reported in some cases of allogenic bone marrow transplantation, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and organ transplantation. However, to our knowledge, no reports have been made on the frequency and risk factors involved in HBV reactivation after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT). Forty seven patients who underwent APBSCT were retrospectively analyzed. Three patients who were HBsAb positive before APBSCT contracted post-transplant HBV acute hepatitis. All 3 patients had multiple myeloma. HBV DNA could not be demonstrated in preserved samples of transfused blood. Therefore, we speculated that reactivation of latent HBV had occurred. The 3 patients with HBV hepatitis had relatively lower titers of pre-transplant HBsAb, and the total dose of steroids they received after APBSCT was significantly higher than for other patients who did not experience post-transplant HBV reactivation. There were no significant differences in pre-transplant hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) titer or total post-transplant blood transfusion volume. Our study suggested that immunocompromised states, especially those induced by high-dose steroid therapy, may allow the reactivation of HBV after APBSCT, even in patients who had HBsAb before APBSCT.
Adolescent↗
[The countermeasure to pollinosis by a web site of Internet].
For the countermeasure to pollinosis, we opened "the web site of pollinosis by allergic group of otorhinolaryngology, Jikei Medical School" and provided the information of pollinosis for patients in the web site of internet from the spring of 1997. In the web site we kept to be informed of the pollen forecast, daily dispersed pollens, and medical information being renewed frequently of prevention and therapy for pollinosis. For the principle of therapy, we adopted the guideline for allergic rhinitis which was produced by Japan Allergic Societies and recommended visitors to get standard therapy for pollinosis. Consequently, the web site was accessed up to 160,000 times by the summer of 1999 and we received 204 medical questions by e-mail and answered to these all mails. We then made a questionnaire study after 3 each pollen seasons and received over 200 answers which showed that our fresh information was useful to decrease symptoms of pollinosis. These results show that information by web site seems to be useful for the countermeasure to pollinosis and will be more important to support medical treatment in hospitals in future.
Adolescent↗
[Rho family small G proteins antagonizing RhoA].
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Actins↗
[Effective chemotherapy with docetaxel in a patient with breast cancer who had progressed after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT)].
A 39-year-old female underwent mastectomy for breast cancer in December 1995. However, two years later, she relapsed with multiple bone metastases. Only a partial response was obtained despite tandem high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT). Disease progression with bone pain and an increasing in the level of serum NCC-ST439 occurred 5 months after APBSCT. Salvage chemotherapy with docetaxel 60 mg/m2 reduced her symptoms, and the level of serum NCC-ST439 decreased to within the normal range. Ten cycles of docetaxel administration were repeated without severe adverse reactions in an outpatient setting for 10 months. There is little information regarding treatment after relapse from APBSCT for breast cancer. Docetaxel may be an effective agent for patients in such a setting.
Adult↗
[Successful hematologic reconstitution using CD34+ cells positively selected from cryopreserved autologous peripheral blood stem cells in a patient with malignant lymphoma].
Clinical use of CD34+ cells positively selected from cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) has been limited, and there have been only a few reports of this procedure, mainly because clump formation decreases the proportion of CD34+ cells that can be recovered. A 49-year-old Japanese woman with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (follicular mixed, B cell, stage IVA) was treated with seven cycles of conventional chemotherapy and achieved partial remission. During hematopoietic recovery after the seventh course of chemotherapy, PBSC were harvested by continuous leukapheresis and cryopreserved. However, clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene was detected in the PBSC by Southern blot analysis. After high-dose chemotherapy, CD34+ cells were positively immunoselected from the cryopreserved PBSC and infused into the patient at 1.97 x 10(6)/kg. The overall purity and recovery rate of the CD34+ cells were 72.2% and 65.0%, respectively. There were no severe adverse effects after PBSC transplantation, and the time required for recovery of neutrophils to over 0. 5 x 10(9)/l and platelets to over 50 x 10(9)/l was 11 and 21 days, respectively. Transplantation of CD34+ cells positively selected from cryopreserved PBSC provides engraftment ability similar to that of unmanipulated PBSC.
Antigens, CD34↗
[Pituitary cystic mass with spontaneous disappearance: three cases of equivocal Rathke's cleft cyst].
Three cases with a pituitary cystic mass that spontaneously disappeared were discussed. Common characteristics of these 3 cases were presence of headache, cystic mass, spontaneous disappearance, and no recurrence. Based on clinical course, MRI findings such as cystic mass with ring enhancement, no calcification, and displacement posteriorly of the normal pituitary gland, and previous reports, these 3 cases were diagnosed as an equivocal Rathke's cleft cyst. We suggested that operative indication in an equivocal Rathke's cleft cyst, even though it was symptomatic, should be decided after sufficient follow-up, because there may be a possibility of spontaneous reduction or disappearance like our cases.
Adult↗
[Structure and function of the sugar chain of dystroglycan].
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Animals↗
Pharmacological aspects of ipecac syrup (TJN-119)-induced emesis in ferrets.
In order to elucidate the precise mechanism of ipecac syrup (TJN-119) on the occurrence of vomiting, we examined the effects of ipecac syrup on the abdominal afferent nerve activity as well as on the 5-HT levels of the ileum and area postrema in ferrets. Oral administration of TJN-119 (0.5 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in afferent abdominal vagus nerve activity which lasted approximately 1 hour. The maximum response induced by TJN-119 was estimated to be 219 +/- 18% of the pre-injection level. Cephaeline or emetine, the main alkaloids of ipecac syrup, also demonstrated similar effects on afferent vagus nerve activity. TJN-119 increased the 5-HT content in the ileum but not in the area postrema. These observations illustrate possible mechanisms that may act at peripheral sites. It was recently reported that TJN-119 has a high affinity to 5-HT4 receptors (Hasegawa et al., unpublished data). These results suggest that 5-HT4 receptors may be involved in the emetic action of TJN-119.
Afferent Pathways↗
O-mannosyl glycans in mammals.
Most proteins within living organisms contain glycans. Glycan structures can modulate the biological properties and functions of glycoproteins. The major glycans of glycoproteins can be classified into two groups, N-glycans and O-glycans, according to their glycan-peptide linkage regions. Developments in glycobiology have revealed a new type of glycosidic linkage to the peptide portion, the O-mannosyl linkage, in mammals, while so far it had been thought to be specific to yeast. This review will give an outline of the O-mannosyl glycans of mammalian glycoproteins. Since one of the most well known O-mannosyl-modified mammalian glycoproteins is dystroglycan, the functional aspects of the O-mannosyl glycan of dystroglycan will be described to help understand this new glycobiological field.
Animals↗
Extracellular adenosine increases Na+/I- symporter gene expression in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells.
We studied the effect of extracellular adenosine on iodide (I-) transport in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. I- accumulation increases after a 48 h exposure to adenosine in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching a maximum of 7.9-fold basal levels at 72 h after the addition of 300 microM adenosine. Neither I- efflux nor intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation is affected by the exposure to adenosine. The stimulation of I- transport by adenosine is partly as a result of an increase in Na+/I- symporter (NIS) mRNA and protein levels. Northern blot analysis revealed that adenosine increases NIS mRNA levels at 24 h, reaching a maximum at 36 h. Western blot analysis demonstrated that adenosine increases NIS protein levels at 36 h, reaching a maximum at 72 h, in parallel with the kinetics of adenosine-induced I- transport. Adenosine increased the promoter activity of a full-length NIS promoter-luciferase chimera, suggesting that the effect of adenosine on NIS mRNA levels is transcriptional. The stimulatory effect of adenosine on NIS mRNA levels, is mimicked by N6-(L-2-phenylisopropyl) adenosine (PIA), an A1 adenosine receptor agonist, and inhibited by 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, suggesting that the effect is mediated via the A1 adenosine receptor stimulation in FRTL-5 cells. Incubating cells with islet-activating protein inhibited the adenosine-induced NIS mRNA levels. In sum, extracellular adenosine increases NIS gene expression and stimulates I- transport via the A1 adenosine receptor-Gi/Go protein signal transduction pathway.
Adenosine↗
Structure of the HIV-1 integrase catalytic domain complexed with an inhibitor: a platform for antiviral drug design.
HIV integrase, the enzyme that inserts the viral DNA into the host chromosome, has no mammalian counterpart, making it an attractive target for antiviral drug design. As one of the three enzymes produced by HIV, it can be expected that inhibitors of this enzyme will complement the therapeutic use of HIV protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. We have determined the structure of a complex of the HIV-1 integrase core domain with a novel inhibitor, 5ClTEP, 1-(5-chloroindol-3-yl)-3-hydroxy-3-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pro penone, to 2.1-A resolution. The inhibitor binds centrally in the active site of the integrase and makes a number of close contacts with the protein. Only minor changes in the protein accompany inhibitor binding. This inhibitor complex will provide a platform for structure-based design of an additional class of inhibitors for antiviral therapy.
Binding Sites↗
Glycosylation differences between the normal and pathogenic prion protein isoforms.
Prion protein consists of an ensemble of glycosylated variants or glycoforms. The enzymes that direct oligosaccharide processing, and hence control the glycan profile for any given glycoprotein, are often exquisitely sensitive to other events taking place within the cell in which the glycoprotein is expressed. Alterations in the populations of sugars attached to proteins can reflect changes caused, for example, by developmental processes or by disease. Here we report that normal (PrP(C)) and pathogenic (PrP(Sc)) prion proteins (PrP) from Syrian hamsters contain the same set of at least 52 bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary N-linked oligosaccharides, although the relative proportions of individual glycans differ. This conservation of structure suggests that the conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc) is not confined to a subset of PrPs that contain specific sugars. Compared with PrP(C), PrP(Sc) contains decreased levels of glycans with bisecting GlcNAc residues and increased levels of tri- and tetraantennary sugars. This change is consistent with a decrease in the activity of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII) toward PrP(C) in cells where PrP(Sc) is formed and argues that, in at least some cells forming PrP(Sc), the glycosylation machinery has been perturbed. The reduction in GnTIII activity is intriguing both with respect to the pathogenesis of the prion disease and the replication pathway for prions.
Animals↗
Study of the sugar chains of recombinant human amyloid precursor protein produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells.
The N- and O-glycans of recombinant amyloid precursor protein (APP), purified from Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the human 695-amino acid form of APP, were separately released by hydrazinolysis under different conditions. The reducing ends of the released N- and O-glycans were reduced with NaB3H4 and derivatized with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), respectively. After acidic N-glycans were obtained by anion-exchange column chromatography, these were converted to neutral oligosaccharides by sialidase digestion, demonstrating that their acidic nature was entirely due to sialylation. The sialidase-treated N-glycans were then fractionated by lectin column chromatography and their structures were determined by linkage-specific sequential exoglycosidase digestion. These results demonstrated that recombinant APP has bi- and triantennary complex type N-glycans with fucosylated and nonfucosylated trimannosyl cores. In a similar fashion, the 2AB-labeled O-glycans derived from APP were determined to be mono- and disialylated core type 1 structures. Taken together, these results indicate that recombinant APP has sialylated bi- and triantennary N-glycans with fucosylated and nonfucosylated cores and sialylated O-glycans with core type 1 structures.
Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor↗
Two distinct mechanisms drive protein translocation across the mitochondrial outer membrane in the late step of the cytochrome b(2) import pathway.
The import of cytochrome b(2) into mitochondria consists of two steps. The translocation of the first part of the presequence across the inner membrane is coupled with the translocation of the tightly folded heme-binding domain across the outer membrane and requires a membrane potential DeltaPsi and the functions of mitochondrial Hsp70 (mHsp70) in the matrix. Once the heme-binding domain has passed the outer membrane, the translocation of the rest of the polypeptide chain across the outer membrane becomes independent of DeltaPsi and mHsp70. Here we analyzed the late DeltaPsi- and mHsp70-independent step in the transport of cytochrome b(2) fusion proteins into the intermembrane space (IMS). The import of the cytochrome b(2) fusion proteins containing two protein domains linked by a spacer segment into mitochondria was arrested at a stage at which one domain folded on each side of the outer membrane, along the pathway that is consistent with the stop-transfer model. The mature-size form of the translocation intermediate could move across the outer membrane in both directions, and the stabilization of the protein domain in the IMS promoted the forward translocation. On the other hand, the intermediate-size form of the translocation intermediate, which retains the anchorage to the inner membrane, was transported into the IMS independently of the stability of the protein domain in the IMS. These results suggest that two distinct mechanisms, the Brownian ratchet and the anchor diffusion mechanisms, can operate for the transmembrane movement of the mature-size form and the intermediate-size form, respectively, of cytochrome b(2) species.
Animals↗