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T Cramond

Publications and source records attributed to T Cramond.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in patients with cancer.

The single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone have been determined in patients with moderate to severe cancer pain. The mean +/- SD elimination half-life after single-dose administration of intravenous (4.6 mg to 9.1 mg) and oral (9.1 mg) oxycodone was 3.01 +/- 1.37 hours and 3.51 +/- 1.43 hours, respectively. After intravenous administration, the mean +/- SD volume of distribution was 211.9 +/- 186.6 L, and the mean +/- SD total plasma clearance was 48.6 +/- 26.5 L/hr. The mean absolute oral bioavailability of oxycodone was 87%, and the mean +/- SD volume of distribution after oral administration was 249.1 +/- 204.3 L. When administered orally as 10 mg oxycodone hydrochloride every 4 hours, there was no accumulation of oxycodone at steady state and the mean +/- SD steady-state concentration was 34.6 +/- 10.3 micrograms/L. Intravenous oxycodone produced a faster onset of pain relief than oxycodone tablets, but the duration of analgesia was approximately the same (4 hours). However, the incidence of side effects and their severity were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for intravenous oxycodone than for oxycodone tablets. The marked interindividual variation observed in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in this study supports the need for individualized dosing regimens.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Comparative oxycodone pharmacokinetics in humans after intravenous, oral, and rectal administration.

The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone have been determined after single-dose administration by the intravenous (4.6-7.3 mg), oral (tablets, 9.1 mg and syrup, 9.1 mg), and rectal (30 mg) routes, in 48 patients undergoing minor surgery. There were no significant differences in the mean elimination half-lives between the intravenous (5.45 +/- 1.43 h), oral tablets (5.65 +/- 1.13 h), oral syrup (4.80 +/- 1.13 h), and rectal suppository (5.40 +/- 1.19 h) formulations of oxycodone. After intravenous administration, the mean plasma clearance of oxycodone was 25.5 +/- 10.1 L/h and the mean volume of distribution at steady state was 2.5 +/- 0.8 L/kg. The mean normalized area under the curve (AUC/D) obtained after intravenous dosing (48.2 +/- 30.2 micrograms.h/L/mg) was more than twice the AUC/D values obtained after the administration of oxycodone tablets (19.8 +/- 3.5 micrograms.h/L/mg), oxycodone syrup (17.5 +/- 5.3 micrograms.h/L/mg), and rectal suppository (20.3 +/- 5.1 micrograms.h/L/mg), indicating that the amount of oxycodone reaching the systemic circulation after the extravascular routes of administration was < 50% of that obtained after intravenous dosing. The mean absorption lag times after oxycodone tablets (0.52 +/- 0.33 h), oxycodone syrup (0.48 +/- 0.40 h), and rectal suppository (0.76 +/- 0.47 h) were consistent with the onset of pharmacological effects reported by the patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Quantitation of oxycodone in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

An original, highly sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the measurement of oxycodone in human plasma with a detection limit of 10 ng/ml using a 1.0-ml plasma sample. Plasma samples were initially acid-washed and then extracted twice at pH 10 with butyl chloride. Oxycodone and codeine (internal standard) were eluted with a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.01 M pH 7 phosphate buffer to which 40 mg/l of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cetavlon) was added at ambient temperature and detected with electrochemical detection. The addition of cetavlon to the mobile phase markedly reduced the interaction between oxycodone and Si-OH groups on the stationary phase of the HPLC column, so that the organic content of the mobile phase could be reduced from 80 to 25%. Quantitation was achieved using the peak height ratio of oxycodone to codeine. The assay is currently being used for the study of oxycodone pharmacokinetics after single oral doses of 10 and 20 mg and single rectal doses of 30 mg.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Morphine-3-glucuronide--a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia.

In this study, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), the major plasma and urinary metabolite of morphine, was shown to be a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia when administered to rats by the intra-cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. The antagonism of morphine analgesia was observed irrespective of whether i.c.v. M3G (2.5 or 3.0 micrograms) was administered 15 mins prior to or 15 mins after i.c.v. morphine (20 micrograms). When M3G (10mg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to rats 30-40 mins prior to morphine (1.5mg i.p.), the analgesic response was significantly reduced compared to administration of morphine (1.5mg i.p.) alone. It was further demonstrated that i.c.v. M3G (2.0 micrograms) antagonized the analgesic effects of subsequently administered i.c.v. morphine-6-glucuronide (0.25 micrograms).

Analgesia↗
PubMed1986

The Combibag: an evaluation of a new self-inflating resuscitator.

The Combibag self-inflating resuscitator incorporates an adult and a paediatric segment as well as a two-stage pressure-limiting safety valve. The resuscitator is not without problems. A sizeable forward leak of gas can occur beyond the patient valve. The patient valve design is such that a spontaneously breathing patient draws his inspired gas entirely from room air. Problems can also occur with the valve either sticking or being blown forward off its seating, thereby making the resuscitator inoperable and dangerous. The use of a two-stage pressure-limiting safety valve should prevent unnecessary barotrauma but could well lead to unrecognised venting with inadequate ventilation when used by inexperienced personnel.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Resusciaide.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗