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Biomedical subjects

T C Smith

Publications and source records attributed to T C Smith.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Ether-treated, subunit Hsw1N1 influenza vaccines: response of immunologically primed subjects to two antigenic variants.

Two bivalent, ether-treated, subunit influenza vaccines were compared in adults greater than or equal to 45 years old. Both vaccines contained 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75 antigen/dose. The Hsw1N1 components, also at a level of 200 CCA units/dose and designated A/Shope and A/X-53, were antigenically representative of the A/swine/1976/31 and A/New Jersey/8/76 viruses, respectively. A/Shope virus possessed about 100 times more neuraminidase activity than A/X-53 virus. The two vaccine groups had equivalent geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibody to A/NJ virus, with about 95% of each group having titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 after vaccination. Group GMTs of antibody to A/Vic virus were also equivalent. Failure of the A/X-53 vaccinees to respond according to the dogma of original antigenic sin and a highly significant between-group difference in response to A/PR/8/34 antigen are interpreted as due to a difference in vaccine neuraminidase levels. It is suggested that, although A/Shope was as serologically effective against A/NJ virus as A/X-53 in this age group, under similar conditions a recombinant with the A/NJ hemagglutinin and the stable A/swine neuraminidase antigens might be more effective against A/NJ than either of the present vaccines.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1976

Specimen testing.

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Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1976

Absorption of pyrvinium pamoate.

Pyrvinium pamoate, tablets and suspension, was administered as single 350-mg doses to 12 healthy male volunteers to determine whether there had been any systemic absorption. Six subjects received tablets and 6 received suspension on the first day; on day 8, subjects received the other dose form. Up to 4 days after administration there was no evidence of drug in blood and urine by spectroflorometric assay. Metabolic studies in rats showed minute quantities of drug in the liver and plasma but not of any metabolites.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Metabolism of ethosuximide.

Twenty subjects, in a double-blind, controlled, rising dose study, were given ethosuximide either once daily or 3 times daily. Steady-state plasma levels and urinary throughput were proportional to dose and were equivalent whether the daily dose was given as a single or divided dose. This finding adds validity to consideration of the single daily dose regimen as a therapeutic possiblity. The metabolic principles should be considered both in patient management and in the treatment of overdosage.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Absorption and metabolism of phenytoin from tablets and capsules.

Crossover studies were conducted to compare plasma levels of phenytoin and urinary throughput of the major metabolite, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), after ingestion of single 250-mg oral doses as tablets or as capsules. Plasma levels of phenytoin did not differ significantly for the 2 formulations except at 8 and 12 hr after ingestion of drug, when the mean values for the tablets were higher than for the capsules. The normalized area under the curve, however, did not differ significantly for either preparation, indicating that equivalent amounts of each preparation were absorbed. Urinary throughput of HPPH did not differ significantly between the 2 preparations. The results suggest that the 2 preparations provide equivalent therapeutic effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The effect of lanthanum on electrophoretic mobility and passive cation movements of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell.

We have investigated the effects of La+3 binding to the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells on cell electrophoretic mobility and passive movements of Na+ and K+. Incubation of tumor cells in La+3-containing media results in a La+3 concentration-dependent decrease in net surface charge negativity. At [La+3] greater than 0.5 mM, the net surface charge becomes positive with maximum positivity occurring at [La+3] = 0.9 mM. The effects of La+3 binding on passive Na+ and K+ movements were investigated by following 22Na and K+ losses from ouabain-inhibited cells. Neither low (0.02) nor high (1.0 mM) [La+3] had any effect on the K+ efflux rate coefficient. 22Na losses from control and La+3-treated cells were consistent with washouts from two cellular compartments. Low [La+3] (0.02 mM) was without effect on Na+ losses from the cells. However, higher [La+3] (1.0 mM) resulted in a 48% inhibition of Na+ loss from the more slowly exchanging compartment. These results are not consistent with simple electrostatic interactions exerting a major influence on the passive movements of Na+ and K+. It is suggested that La+3 interacts with sites specific for Na+, perhaps involved in a carrier-mediated exchange system.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1976

Passive cation movements in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell: the effects of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.

We have investigated the effects of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), an amino reactive reagent, on passive cation movements in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Incubation of tumor cells with TNBS (3 mM) results in a two phase association of TNBS with the cells. An initial, rapid phase, presumably at the level of the membrane, is independent of temperature, while the second phase increases linearly in time and is temperature dependent. Kinetic analyses of Na+ movements indicate that TNBS: (1) inhibits Na+ movement from a slowly exchanging cellular compartment, but is without effect on a more rapidly exchanging compartment; (2) does not alter net Na+ accumulation in transport-inhibited cells; and (3) is without effect on non-exchange Na+ efflux at 0 degrees C. The actions of TNBS on K+ movements depend upon temperature and the continued presence of TNBS in the environment. At 22 degrees C two minute exposure of the cells to TNBS leads to 77% inhibition of K+ efflux. With continued exposure to TNBS, the inhibition is only 42%. Reduction of the temperature to 0 degrees C decreases K+ efflux in control cells by 82%. Two minute exposure to TNBS enhances K+ efflux by 50%, while continuous exposure increases it by 144%. These results suggest: (1) TNBS interacts with several classes of membrane sites which are involved with the regulation of passive cation movements; and (2) passive Na+ and K+ movements across the cell membrane proceed by different pathways.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1976

Involuntary hospitalization: the social construction of danger.

Petitions for 50 consecutive patients committed involuntarily to a western state hospital were examined to determine whether statements supporting such commitment reflected explicit or residual rule-breaking behaviors. In 46 cases, involuntary hospitalization was based upon residual rule breaking. Additionally, in only 5 cases did the petitioner perceive the patient as dangerous, while in all 50 cases, the two examining physicians certified him to be such. Results are discussed in the context of the psychiatrist's personality characteristics and his role as a social control agent.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1976

Partial paralysis with d-tubocurarine and the ventilatory response to CO2: An example of respiratory sparing?

d-Tubocurarine (dTc) was administered intravenously to six healthy unanesthetized volunteers to assess the effects of partial paralysis on ventilatory response to CO2. Each subject received during a 40-minute period 0.2 mg/kg, consisting of five incremental doses at intervals 10 minutes apart. Isohypercapnia with PETCO2 6-7 torr above each subject's resting level was maintained throughout dTc administration. Ventilation at this level of stimulus was 23.8 +/- 1.1 1/min (mean +/- SE) before administration of dTc, about three times resting levels. Steady-state minute ventilation measured during the period 4-6 minutes after each dose of dTc failed to decrease significantly; the levels of ventilation were maintained principally by increased respiratory frequency, since tidal volumes declined significantly from an average of 1,550 ml to 1,050 ml (P less than 0.025). Changes in the slope of the CO2-response curve varied widely among subjects. Although the control slope of 2.65 +/- 0.76 1/min/torr (mean +/- SE) was reduced to 1.50 +/- 0.36 1/min/torr after partial curarization, the change was not significant (P greater than 0.10) Ventilation was maintained at a time when grip strength was 6 per cent of control, vital capacity was 52 per cent of control, and maximum static respiratory pressures were 35-40 per cent of control. Nevertheless, the results suggest significant impairment of vital respiratory functions such as coughing, deep breathing, and the ability to maintain a patent airway in the absence of endotracheal intubation.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Direct measurement of the membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: lack of effect of valinomycin and ouabain.

The membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the effects of valinomycin and ouabain upon it have been determined. The membrane potential in control cells was 12.0 mV, inside negative. Neither valinomycin nor ouabain alone affected this value. However, valinomycin and ouabain in combination resulted in a slight hyperpolarization of the membrane. Concomitant determinations of cellular Na+, K+ and Cl- showed that valinomycin induced net losses of K+ and Cl- and a net gain in Na+ when compared to ouabain-inhibited cells. K+ permeability was increased by approximately 30% in the presence of valinomycin. In addition, valinomycin caused a rapid depletion of cellular ATP. Inhibition of Na/K transport by ouabain was without sparing effect on the rate of ATP depletion. Possible mechanisms for the electroneutral increase in K+ permeability induced by valinomycin are discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗