Edge computation in human vision: anisotropy in the combining of oriented filters.
Above threshold, two superimposed sinusoidal gratings of the same spatial frequency (eg 1 cycle deg-1) and equal contrasts, and with orientations balanced around vertical, usually look like a compound structure containing vertical and horizontal edges. However, at large plaid angles (ie large differences between component orientations) and low plaid contrasts there is a tendency for the stimulus to appear as two overlapping gratings (component structure) with obliquely oriented edges. These dependencies of perceived spatial structure in plaids are incompatible with an edge-coding scheme that uses only circular filters to compute zero-crossings, but instead support the idea that different oriented filters can (compound percept) or cannot (component percept) be combined before edges are represented. Here, further evidence is presented in support of this hypothesis. Two-component plaid stimuli had plaid angles of 45 degrees or 90 degrees, and a range of plaid orientations (ie a range of orientations around which the plaid components were balanced). Observers indicated whether each stimulus was perceived as a compound or component structure for a range of plaid contrasts. In addition to angle and contrast effects, perceived spatial structure was also found to depend on plaid orientation: compound structures were perceived more often when the plaid components were balanced around the cardinal axes of the retina. It is suggested that the principles governing the combination of oriented-filter outputs might be learnt during the development of the visual system by using a Hebb-type rule: coactivated filters are more likely to combine their outputs when activated on future occasions. Given the prominence of vertical and horizontal orientations in a carpentered environment, this simple rule promotes a network that combines filters balanced around cardinal axes more readily than oblique axes, in agreement with the results.