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Biomedical subjects

T C Eickhoff

Publications and source records attributed to T C Eickhoff.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Current immunization practices in adults.

Can the successes of pediatric immunization programs be matched in adults? The question relates both to infections due to waning immunity and to those primarily acquired in adulthood. It is given urgency by rising prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases in adults. Strategies with available vaccines are reviewed, and vaccines in development are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

In vitro comparison of rosamicin and erythromycin against urinary tract pathogens.

The in vitro activity of rosamicin and erythromycin was compared at various pH values against 311 strains of bacteria representing common urinary tract pathogens. Alkalinization of the media consistently and significantly increased the antibacterial activity of rosamicin against all of the organisms tested. This was also true for erythromycin except when tested against strains of Proteus. At pH 8, rosamicin was two- to sixfold more active than erythromycin against Enterobacteriaceae. The activity of both antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was very similar when tested at pH 8. Erythromycin was twice as active as rosamicin at pH 8 against group D streptococci. The activity of both antibiotics was bacteriostatic and inoculum size dependent, regardless of the organism tested or the pH of the test media. The greater activity of rosamicin against Enterobacteriaceae warrants clinical investigation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Epidemiology of Legionnaires' disease.

Ten recorded epidemics of Legionnaires' disease are reviewed to gain a working perspective on the epidemiology of the disease. Salient features have included a summer-fall seasonality, a male predominance that may largely reflect increased exposure risk among men, and a striking absence of person-to-person spread. That the disease is spread primarily via the airborne route is well established; air-treatment and air-conditioning equipment has been implicated as the amplification and delivery system in four epidemics. Soils and excavation sites have been suggested as sources of the organism in at least one recorded epidemic. Evidence to date suggests that the Legionnaires' disease bacterium may be widespread in nature. More complete epidemiologic understanding must await development of improved microbiologic and immunologic tests.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1978

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A review of 28 cases with emphasis on improved survival and factors influencing prognosis.

During a five year period, 28 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were documented. The number of cases recognized annually increased during the study period. Clinical and laboratory features of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were similar to those previously reported; however, mortality was considerably lower (57 per cent). Factors associated with adverse prognosis were increasing hepatic encephalopathy, more than 85 per cent granulocytes in peripheral blood or ascitic fluid, total bilirubin greater than 8 mg/dl and serum albumin less than 2.5 g/dl. Temperature greater than 38 degrees C was associated with increased survival. Infection by enteric organisms was associated with higher mortality than infection by nonenteric organisms. Unexpectedly, patients with bacteremia fared no worse than those whose blood remained sterile. The data suggest that in patients with leukocyte counts greater than 1,000 cells/mm3 and more than 85 per cent granulocytes in their ascitic fluid, the likelihood of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is high. Such patients deserve empiric antibiotic therapy pending the results of appropriate cultures.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Anogenital infection with Neisseria meningitidis in homosexual men.

Among monosexual men anal infection with Neisseria meningitidis was more prevalent (15 of 731 men) than expected and significantly more prevalent than urethral infection with N. meningitidis (three of 669 men, P less than 0.01). Anal infection was also significantly more prevalent among homosexual men than among heterosexual women (two of 1,197 women, P less than 0.001). These differences in rates of prevalence may be best explained by a preference of meningococci for anal mucosa and by the common homosexual practice of oral-anal sexual contact. Serogrouping of the 17 anal and three urethral isolates revealed a broad representation of serogroups often found in meningococcal pharyngeal carriage in the community. Of 14 patients who returned for a test-of-cure culture within seven days of treatment with an antibiotic regimen recommended for anogenital gonococcal infection, each was culture-negative for N. meningitidis. Minor and symptoms in three men and profuse urethral discharges in two men resolved with treatment.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1978

An outbreak in 1965 of severe respiratory illness caused by the Legionnaires' disease bacterium.

In January 1977 an unsolved outbreak of infection at St. Elizabeth's Hospital (Washington, D.C.) that occurred in 1965 was linked with Legionnaires' disease. The link was made by fluorescent antibody testing with the bacterium isolated from tissues of persons with Legionnaires' disease in the 1976 outbreak in Philadelphia. In July and August 1965, an epidemic of severe respiratory disease characterized by abrupt onset of high fever, weakness, malaise, and nonproductive cough, frequently accompanied by radiographic evidence of pneumonia, affected at least 81 patients at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, a general psychiatric hospital. Fourteen (17%) of the affected patients died. Intensive epidemiologic and laboratory investigations in 1965 did not determine the etiology. The etiologic organism may have become airborne from sites of soil excavation.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1978

Antigenic drift and efficacy of influenza virus vaccines, 1976--1977.

A unique opportunity occurred in February 1977 to assess the efficacy of an influenza virus vaccine given to military personnel in doses of 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75, 400 CCA units of A/New Jersey/76, and 500 CCA units of B/Hong Kong/72 viruses. After cessation of all influenza virus vaccine administration in mid-December 1976, approximately 200 unvaccinated U.S. Air Force personnel arrived per week beginning February 1, 1977, at Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado. Arriving unvaccinated personnel were assigned to one of 12 units with previously vaccinated personnel. A sharp outbreak of influenza A occurred on the base during February that was due to an A/Texas/1/77-like virus, a variant of the A/Victoria/3/75 prototpye. Fifty-four cases of influenza A were documented in the student population on the base. During the two-week peak of the outbreak, attack rates were 10-fold higher in unvaccinated than in vaccinated students, and the overall estimate of vaccine efficacy was 80%. Thus, despite animal tests suggesting considerable antigenic drift, a vaccine containing influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus provided good protection against the variant strain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Standards for hospital infection control.

The American Hospital Association and the Center for Disease Control, together with other national bodies, have made major efforts in the past 20 years in calling attention to problems of nosocomial infection in U.S. hospitals. Current requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals reflect their efforts but further reflect a profound lack of acceptable data from which rational priorities in hospital infection control might be deduced. Accreditation requirements should be limited to procedures whose effectiveness in either clearly documented or strongly suggested by available data. Research and educational goals in hospital epidemiology must be identified and met in order to provide a scientific basis for hospital infection control procedures.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1977

Containing Andromeda.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1977

Antibody response of young adults to experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines.

In military personnel aged 17-25 years, only one of four experimental influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccines produced a satisfactory hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody response when a dose of 200 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units was used. A second injection of 400 CCA units of vaccine caused seroconversion in all persons. Although an early comparison of experimental split-product and whole-virus vaccines suggested that the former were relatively ineffective, a later comparison with different lots of the vaccines showed no difference between vaccines of these two types. The influenza A/NJ/76 virus vaccine evoked a high HAI antibody response to influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) virus but not to H1N1 or H3N2 strains.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1977

Studies of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in hospital employees: reactogenicity and absenteeism.

The impact of a mass influenza vaccination program on the operation of a major medical center was evaluated in adult volunteer employees who were given either ether-split or whole-virus bivalent influenza vaccine in a double-blind manner by jet-injector gun. Each volunteer completed a reaction information form, nurses monitored temperatures, and data on absenteeism of the employees of the Nursing Service and the Building Management Service were collected. The results of this study demonstrated that the mass campaign did not adversely affect absenteeism. However, the whole-virus vaccine caused significantly more local, systemic, and febrile reactions thant the split-virus vaccine. Purified inactivated influenza virus vaccines can be given in a mass campaign to hospital personnel without adversely affecting the operation of the hospital.

Absenteeism↗