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T C Chao

Publications and source records attributed to T C Chao.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Factors related to the survival of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma patients with distant metastases.

There is limited clinical information comparing presentations and results of treatment of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma patients with distant metastases. We retrospectively analyzed data of 1,257 thyroid cancer patients who received their treatment and follow-up at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. We found 992 patients with papillary carcinoma and 205 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Of these, 68 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (6.9%) had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis or during the follow-up period. Of the follicular thyroid carcinoma patients, 69 (33.7%) had distant metastases. Of the 68 patients with papillary carcinoma, only 33 were categorized as stage IV at the time of diagnosis. Nine of the patients were categorized as clinical stage I carcinoma, 10 as stage II, and 16 as stage III. Sixteen patients (23.5%) died during the study period, all but 2 of thyroid cancer. Twelve of the 68 patients were disease-free after treatment. Of the 69 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma, 58 were categorized as stage IV at the time of diagnosis. Six of the patients were categorized as clinical stage I carcinoma, 2 as stage II, and 3 as stage III at the time of diagnosis; all of these patients deteriorated to stage IV during the follow-up period. Of the 42 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma involving bone, 24 presented with bone metastases during the initial diagnosis. After treatment, 25 of 69 patients with follicular carcinoma died of follicular carcinoma. Only 3 patients were disease-free after the treatment. In patients with follicular carcinoma, only tumor size was an important prognostic factor. In this study, 8 patients categorized as clinical stages I to III at the time of operation had thyroglobulin (Tg) levels less than 5 ng/mL and developed distant metastases during the follow-up period. In conclusion, at diagnosis a large group of Asian patients with metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer was more likely to have follicular than papillary histology, and that, as expected, metastases from follicular cancer were present earlier and more frequently, were more likely to involve bone, were more likely to be associated with mortality, and were linked to tumor size but not gender. Also unlike some other reports, treatment producing a low Tg did not always produce a good outcome. More aggressive surgical procedures may be able to improve outcomes.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1999

Prognostic variables of papillary thyroid carcinomas with local invasion.

To evaluate the significance of the extrathyroid extension (ETE) of papillary thyroid carcinoma at the time of diagnosis and the prognostic variables of patients, we retrospectively reviewed 1,013 thyroid cancer patients. Of the 741 papillary thyroid cancer patients, 466 (62.9%) were categorized in clinical stage I and 114 (15.4%) were categorized in clinical stage III. Of the 114 patients in clinical stage III, 81 were female (mean age 44.4 +/- 15.7 years) and 33 were male (mean age 46.9 +/- 18.1 years). Of the clinical stage III patients, 104 patients received post-operative radioactive iodide (131I) therapy while 22 patients received external radiotherapy in the neck and upper mediastinum area post-operatively. In the study, age, gender, 131I accumulated dose, post-operative serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels, and survival rate were demonstrated to be statistically significant in the groups with no recurrence and recurrence after treatment. The average follow-up period of these patients was 6.0 years. During this follow-up period, 11 patients expired. Eight died of thyroid cancer (7.0%) and 3 died of intercurrent diseases including asthma, renal cell carcinoma and propranolol overdose. Four of the 8 patients (50%) died of airway obstruction due to cancer cell invasion. Another 4 died of distant metastases, including 2 patients with skull metastases and brain invasion. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 0.981 and 0.956 in clinical stage I and 0.923 and 0.843 in clinical stage III, respectively. In conclusion, the survival rate of the ETE of papillary thyroid cancer was lower when compared with stage I, especially in older male patients with higher post-operative serum Tg levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prognostic variables of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma patients with lymph node metastases and without distant metastases.

From 1977 through 1995, 1,013 thyroid carcinoma patients received treatment and were followed up at Chang Gung Medical Center in Taiwan. To evaluate the prognostic variables of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas with limited lymph node metastases, a retrospective review of these patients was performed. Of these patients, 910 had papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma, and 119 patients were categorized as clinical stage 2 with limited neck lymph node metastases only at the time of diagnosis. The patients were categorized into two groups as no recurrence and local recurrence or distant metastasis at the end of 1997. After the operations, radioactive iodide (131I) treatments were performed in 114 patients and external radiotherapy for neck region or distant metastases in 18 patients. The median follow-up period of these patients was 5.4 years. Clinical variables were coded in our computer for statistical analysis. After the treatments, 93 patients remained disease-free; 10 were in stage 2; 5 in stage 3; and 11 aggravated to stage 4. Of the clinical variables, age, post-operative first 1311 uptake scans, and 1-month post-operative thyroglobulin levels revealed statistically significant differences between the group which improved and the group which did not. During the follow-up period, five patients died; three patients died of thyroid cancer and two died of intercurrent diseases. Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma revealed a higher percentage of lymph node metastases. Although limited lymph node metastases did not influence survival rate, patients with poor prognostic factors need more aggressive treatment to avoid progression of the cancer.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1999

Prospective sonographic study of 3093 breast tumors.

To evaluate the predictive ability of sonographic tumor characteristics to differentiate benign from malignant tumors, we examined 3093 breast tumors (2360 benign and 733 malignant tumors) with ultrasonography. The ratio of the longest dimension to the anteroposterior diameter of benign tumors was significantly larger than that of malignant tumors (1.88+/-0.1 versus 1.69+/-0.02, P < 0.0001). Shape, margins, echogenicity, internal echo pattern, retrotumor acoustic shadowing, compressibility, and microcalcification were significant factors in the logistic regression model. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of breast sonography for malignancy were 86.1, 66.1, 44.1, 93.9, and 70.8%, respectively. Biopsy of the tumor for pathologic diagnosis is recommended if sonographic features are suggestive of malignancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Long-term outcome and disease control in near-fatal asthma.

Patients who have survived an episode of intubation and mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure due to a severe and unresponsive asthmatic attack are considered to have experienced a near-fatal asthma (NFA) attack. Such patients are at a higher risk of similar severe attacks and hence of death in the future. The aims of the study were to: (i) evaluate the outcome; (ii) identify any persistent deficiencies in asthma management, and (iii) assess self-management knowledge in survivors of NFA. Ninety-three consecutive patients who had been treated for NFA in the Intensive Care Unit of an urban teaching hospital in Singapore from 1992 to 1997 were studied. All hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. Survivors were then invited to attend a questionnaire interview and to have lung function tests performed. Of the original cohort (OC) of 93 patients with NFA (mean age 55.2 years), 18 (19% OC) patients (mean age 64 years) had died while in hospital and 75 (81% OC) patients survived the initial episode of NFA and were discharged home (DH). The long-term outcome of this DH group was: 13 patients had died (17% DH) and 62 (83% DH) survived. Of these survivors, 35 were interviewed while 27 declined or were not contactable. This interview yielded the following information: (i) Hospitalisation in the past year: 66% had no hospital admission; of the 31.4% who had 2 or more admissions, most had a further NFA attack. (ii) Health care: The majority of patients (71.4%) were monitored by a single doctor. (iii) Patient knowledge of disease management was deemed good to fair for trigger avoidance (77%), for appropriate drug usage (97%). (iv) Satisfactory inhaler skill (80%). NFA is associated with a high intrahospital and long-term mortality. Although most survivors of NFA appeared to have satisfactory care and a fair understanding of medication usage, a significant minority continue to pose much morbidity and risk for death.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Pyogenic liver abscesses in patients with malignant disease: a report of 52 cases treated at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis of pyogenic liver abscesses in patients with malignant disease is generally considered poor. The discrepancy between the outcomes of liver abscesses caused by hepatopancreatobiliary malignant disease and those caused by other malignant diseases, however, to our knowledge has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the clinical course of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with different types of cancer, and to compare outcomes in abscesses caused by hepatopancreatobiliary malignant disease and other malignant disease. DESIGN: Retrospective review of case series in our experience from 1980 through 1993. SETTING: Tertiary care university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-two patients with pyogenic liver abscess related to the underlying cancer were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=32) was composed of patients with cancer originating from the hepatic parenchyma, bile duct, and pancreas; group 2 (n=20) was composed of patients with cancer originating from other sites. INTERVENTIONS: Parenteral antibiotics, percutaneous drainage, surgical drainage, or hepatectomy, in combinations, were employed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient characteristics, symptoms, laboratory data, abscess characteristics, microbiological study, management, and outcome of the 2 groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (41%) in group 1 and 16 patients (80%) in group 2 had undergone prior anticancer treatment. Jaundice was encountered more often in group 1 than in group 2 (29 patients [91%] vs 6 patients [30%], respectively, P=.001), whereas nausea and vomiting were more frequently seen in group 2 than in group 1 (17 patients [52%] vs 6 patients[31%], respectively, P=.04). Leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and reversed albumin-globulin ratio were more pronounced in group 1 than in group 2 (P=.001, .02, .003, and .03, respectively). Abscesses communicating with the intrahepatic biliary tree were more frequently encountered in group 1 than in group 2 (11 patients [34%] vs 2 patients [10%], respectively, P=.03). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae predominated in group 1, while the bacteria species in group 2 were more diverse. The hospital mortality rates of group 1 and group 2 were 28% (9 of 32 patients) vs 10% (2 of 20 patients) (P=.04), respectively. Twenty-three patients (72%) of group 1 died of uncontrolled biliary sepsis or progressive cancer or both within 6 months after the diagnosis, while 17 patients (85%) of group 2 survived longer than 1 year without relapse of the abscess and continued with anticancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Pyogenic liver abscess could be a presentation of hepatopancreatobiliary malignant disease at the preterminal stage, and carries a grave prognosis. Pyogenic liver abscess in patients with nonhepatopancreatobiliary malignant disease has a better chance of favorable outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The roles of cytokines and retinoic acid in the regulation of human thyroid cancer cell growth.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cytokines and retinoic acid in human thyroid cancer cell growth. Cellular proliferation studies of the CGTH W-1 and SW 579 cell lines were performed with various cytokines and all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Cell number was determined by cell counting and incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. Inhibitory effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were found in both cell lines. SW 579 was more sensitive to TNF-alpha. The SW 579 cell line revealed gradually decreased cell proliferation in [3H]thymidine incorporation studies as TNF-alpha concentration increased. In contrast, the CGTH W-1 cell line revealed prominent suppressive effects when the TNF-alpha concentrations increased over 1 ng/ml. An inhibitory effect of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) on CGTH W-1 cells was noted at the concentration of 1 ng/ml, however, IL-1 beta failed to demonstrate an inhibitory effect in SW 579 cells.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1998

Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation without endometrial preparation.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of endometrial ablation by hysteroscopic resection without prior medical preparation for the treatment of women with persistent menorrhagia. METHOD: From January 1996 to January 1997, a total of 170 women with persistent menorrhagia and/or dysmenorrhea and who underwent hysteroscopic endometrial resection were included in the study. A thorough suction curettage was done before the procedure. The operation was conducted through a continuous flow hysteroscopic resectoscope with electrosurgery while the patient was under intravenous general anesthesia. The distention fluid used was 5% dextrose with a gravity feed infusion system consisting of a 2-1 bag between 1 and 1.5 m above the uterine cavity. After the procedure, the patients' conditions were followed for at least 6-18 months by telephone interview or at our clinic. RESULTS: A total of 127 women were available for a follow-up period of at least 6 months. Operative complications were 3%; three women had fever and received oral antibiotics; no uterine perforation occurred; one case of post-operative bleeding was controlled by intrauterine balloon inflation; the average operation time was 21 min; The mean fluid deficit was 435 ml. Ninety-nine out of 127 women (78%) had adequately controlled menorrhagia (18.1% had amenorrhea, 42.5% hypomenorrhea and 17.3% had normal menstrual flow), while 27 women (21.2%) were failed due to unchanged or heavier menstrual flow after surgery. Eleven (40%) out of the 27 failed cases had myoma with menorrhagia, whereas only five women (5%) out of the 99 adequately treated women had myomas (P < 0.05). Thirty-eight (54%) out of the 70 women with severe dysmenorrhea reported either lessening dysmenorrhea or no dysmenorrhea after the surgery. A total of 76 women (60%) were satisfied with the procedure. A second surgical procedure, either a resection or hysterectomy, was necessary in 13 women (10%) after ablation (seven received repeated ablations and six underwent hysterectomy). CONCLUSION: Endometrial ablation without endometrial suppression is a cheap, effective and acceptable procedure for treatment in women with persisted persistent menorrhagia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Completion thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Completion thyroidectomy is performed because of a deferred diagnosis of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid or a significant thyroid remnant after initial operation. During a period of 6 years, data from 40 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma undergoing completion thyroidectomy were retrospectively reviewed. There were 4 men and 36 women (1:9), and the average age was 39.6+/-1.9 years (range, 20 to 62 years). The indications for the initial surgery were a solitary thyroid nodule in 36 (90%) patients, multinodular goiter in 3 (7.5%) patients, and Graves' disease in 1 (2.5%) patient. Three patients underwent completion thyroidectomy during the same hospital stay. In the remaining 37 patients, completion thyroidectomy was performed 4 to 252 days (44.1+/-7.8 days) after the initial operation. The length of hospital stay for the initial operation was not different from that for completion thyroidectomy (5.1+/-0.3 days vs. 5.2+/-0.3 days). The length of time needed to accomplish the initial operation was not different from that required for the completion thyroidectomy (122+/-7.5 minutes vs. 110.8+/-5.9 minutes). There was no 30-day perioperative mortality. The postoperative morbidity in completion thyroidectomy consisted of transient hypoparathyroidism in 3 (7.5%) patients, permanent hypoparathyroidism in 1 (2.5%) patient, transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in 1 (2.5%) patient, and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in 1 (2.5%) patient. On the other hand, one transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and one transient hypoparathyroidism occurred at the initial operation. Completion thyroidectomy is a safe procedure to remove the thyroid remnant.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1998

Use of radioactive iodine for thyroid remnant ablation in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma to replace thyroid reoperation.

Complete thyroidectomy was recommended for patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma to remove any potential residual contralateral cancer tissue and to facilitate detection of metastatic lesions by radioactive iodide (131I). Unfortunately, 8-32% incidence of severe complications were noted after reoperation. At present, there are still not enough data about the ablative effect of 131I for such conservative surgical treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancers. The major goal of the present study was to examine the effects of 311I for ablation of thyroid remnants in order to obviate the severe complications associated with reoperation. From January 1977 to December 1995, 210 papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma patients received subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy. After the operation, 46 of the 210 patients received 131I for remnant ablation. At doses of > or = 30 mCi 131I, 38 thyroid remnants were successfully ablated; 25 of 38 (65.8%) patients successfully ablated patients received 30 mCi 131I one-four times. Five patients expired during the follow-up period, including two follicular carcinoma patients who were misinterpreted as having benign lesions in the first operation. Patients in the overall failure versus success group for thyroid remnant ablation revealed increased age, histopathology of follicular carcinoma, higher postoperative 131I uptake in the neck bed, higher postoperative thyroglobulin levels, bigger tumor size, and higher mortality. In conclusion, repeated 30 mCi 131I treatments were adequate for most thyroid remnant ablations following subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Misinterpretation of follicular cancer as benign lesions and unresectable tumor comprised the main reasons for mortality.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1998

Dose reconstruction for residents living in 60Co-contaminated rebar buildings.

The first 60Co-contaminated rebar building was discovered in Taipei city in 1992. As of 18 July 1997, 144 buildings with 1,327 housing units were confirmed to contain 60Co-contaminated rebars. All these reinforced concrete buildings were constructed between 1982 and 1984. Thousands of residents have been exposed to ionizing radiation of various degrees. Preliminary assessments by the Atomic Energy Council showed that the accumulated maximal doses ranged from a few mSv to several Sv. The purpose of this work was to reconstruct more reliable individual doses for epidemiologic and medical uses. This reconstruction provided the best estimated doses as well as conceivable upper and lower bounds. The variation of residential day-life activities by individual members in a family was considered according to their sex, age, profession, etc. Intensive data on exposure rates were collected using thermoluminescent dosimeters positioned at 1 m height and 1 m x 1 m intersections with additional measurements at special locations such as bed, sofa, dining table, etc. Thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements were performed in all 24 residences studied in this work. This showed that the Atomic Energy Council maximal doses were 2-6 times higher than the present best estimated doses. Among all family members, elders and housewives received the highest doses; children received the lowest doses. The difference in doses among all family members belonging to different cohort categories is within a factor of two.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Does surgery improve the survival of patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma?

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is one of the most lethal neoplasms, with poor prognosis being reported by most authors. The benefits of surgery for most cases of advanced disease remain controversial. In this study we asked the following question: Does surgical intervention alter outcomes for patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma? Forty-six patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were analyzed. There were 20 patients with advanced localized disease (group 1), 15 of whom received surgery. Of the other 26 patients with evidence of distant metastases (group 2), 13 received surgery. For group 1 patients, the mean survival was 12.8 months versus 8.6 months in the surgical and nonsurgical subgroups (p = 0.46). For group 2 patients, the mean survival was 3.5 months versus 2.8 months in the surgical and nonsurgical subgroups (p = 0.72). These data suggest that surgery does not improve survival for patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. In conclusion, the mean survival showed no significant differences between surgical and nonsurgical patients (p = 0.43). This study suggests that surgical resection does not improve the survival of patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

The effects of radioactive iodine in thyroid remnant ablation and treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Although the use of radioactive iodine (131I) in the treatment of thyroid cancer is well established, treatment dose is not well standardized. In order to deduce the appropriate dose for thyroid remnant ablation and the effect of 131I in the treatment of distant metastases, data for 544 patients with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received surgical treatment followed by post-operative 131I. If remnants were present in the 0.2 GBq 131I diagnostic scan, 1.1-3.7 GBq 131I were administered for ablation. For the treatment of distant metastases 3.7-5.6 GBq were used. Of 318 patients receiving 131I for thyroid remnant ablation, 290 were successfully ablated. After one dose of 1.1 GBq 131I, 82% (159/194) of thyroid remnants were ablated. During the follow-up period, two of 14 Stage IV patients with lung or mediastinal metastases at the time of operation achieved complete clinical remission. Factors identified as influencing response to 131I therapy included age, clinical stage, survival, recurrence, extent of surgery and the 1 month post-operative serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level. In conclusion 1.1 GBq 131I was adequate for thyroid remnant ablation unless distant metastases were present. Radioactive 131I has a role in the treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma with pulmonary metastases but seems to be less effective for treatment of bone metastases.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1998

Prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer patients: the experience in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy has improved the length of disease-free survival and overall survival in node-negative breast cancer patients. It has been a common practice to select only the patients with higher rates of recurrence for adjuvant therapy. Therefore, it is essential to define the risk factors in node-negative breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred fifty-five patients with axillary node-negative breast cancers without adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 1981 and 1986 were included in this study. Tissue blocks for DNA flow cytometry study was available in the tumors of 145 patients. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 121 months and the percentages of patients with 10 years of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 75.1% and 82.2%, respectively. The significant poor prognostic factors for 10 years of OS were a tumor size larger than 3 cm, negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and having a non-diploid tumor (p value = 0.0176, 0.048 and 0.016, respectively). The patients with frozen section, high mitotic rate, and Scarff-Blood-Richardson (SBR) grade II and III tumors had a worse prognosis than the others, but this trend did not reach statistical significance. The patients with positive estrogen receptor status had a 10-year disease-free rate (DFR) of 94%, and these with tumors less than 2 cm plus SBR grade I had a 10-year DFR of 92%. CONCLUSION: The node-negative breast cancer patients with a low risk of recurrence were those who had estrogen receptor positive, tumor less than 2 cm with SBR grade I, and intraductal carcinomas. Adjuvant chemotherapy would be no benefit for these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Acidic and neutral drugs screen in blood with quantitation using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

Blood previously acidified with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The dried extract was subjected to acetonitrile-hexane partition. The acetonitrile portion was analysed for the presence of acidic and neutral drugs by HPLC-DAD (200 mm x 2.1 mm I.D. microbore ODS-Hypersil column) and GC-FID (25 m narrow-bore x 0.25 mm I.D. HP-5 column with 0.33 micron film thickness). The protocol was found to be suitable for both clinical toxicology (including emergency toxicology) and postmortem toxicology. At least 66 drugs of interest were unequivocally identified by RRTs (HPLC) and UV spectra (DAD) match while another 12 were unequivocally identified by double RRTs match (HPLC and GC). Quantitation was facilitated by incorporating calibration blood standards in each assay batch. The five drugs most commonly encountered in clinical blood specimens (1150 cases) were: paracetamol (47.4% of the cases); chlormezanone (6.6%), theophylline (1.74%), naproxen (1.65%) and mefenamic acid (1.56%). The following drugs were detected in toxicologically significant quantities in postmortem blood specimens (245 cases): phenobarbitone (1.22% of the cases), naproxen (0.82%), chlormezanone (0.82%), theophylline (0.82%), carbamazepine (0.41%) and paracetamol (0.41%).

Acids↗
PubMed1997

Somatostatin modulates the function of Kupffer cells.

Recent studies have shown that somatostatin modulates lymphocyte and peritoneal macrophage function, but the effects of somatostatin on hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) are not clearly defined. In the present study, hepatic macrophages obtained from male rats were treated in vitro with somatostatin or octreotide and their effects on the release of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) determined. At concentrations of 10(-14) M to 10(-12) M, or greater than 10(-10) M, somatostatin suppressed nitrite release by Kupffer cells. At concentrations of less than 10(-9) M or greater than 10(-9) M, octreotide inhibited nitrite release by Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells treated with 10(-10) M to 10(-14) M or greater than 10(-8) M of somatostatin released significantly less amounts of TNF than did the untreated controls. TNF release by Kupffer cells treated with 10(-15) M to 10(-5) M of octreotide was significantly inhibited as compared to that of untreated controls. Kupffer cells treated with 10(-14) M to 10(-11) M and 10(-9) M to 10(-8) M of somatostatin released more H2O2 than did the untreated controls. The amount of H2O2 released by noncirrhotic Kupffer cells treated with 10(-6) M or 10(-5) M of somatostatin was less than that of controls. These findings demonstrate that somatostatin and octreotide modulate the release of nitric oxide, TNF, H2O be Kupffer cells depending on the concentration of hormones used.

Animals↗