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T Boehm

Publications and source records attributed to T Boehm.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Influence of body mass index on coronary artery opacification in 64-slice CT angiography].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of the body mass index (BMI) on coronary artery opacification in 64-slice CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-two patients retrospectively underwent ECG-gated 64-slice CT coronary angiography (tube potential 120 kV, tube current time product 650 mAs) after intravenous injection of 80 ml of iodinated contrast agent (320 mg/ml, 5 ml/s). Attenuation values (HU) were measured and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were calculated in the right coronary artery (RCA) and left main artery (LMA). The CNR was defined as the difference between the mean attenuation in the vessel and the mean attenuation in the perivascular fat tissue divided by the image noise in the ascending aorta. The height and weight of the patients at the time of the CT scan were recorded and the BMI was calculated. RESULTS: The mean BMI was 26.2 +/- 3.2 kg/m (2) (range 19.7 - 32.2 kg/m (2)), the mean attenuation in the LMA was 330 +/- 64 HU, and the mean attenuation in the RCA was 309 +/- 68 HU. The CNR in the LMA was 16.7 +/- 3.8, and the CNR in the RCA was 15.9 +/- 3.6. The image noise in the ascending aorta significantly correlated with the BMI (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). A weak negative correlation was found between the BMI and LMA attenuation (r = - 0.28, p < 0.05), whereas no significant correlation was found for the RCA (r = - 0.21, p = 0.12). A significant negative correlation was found between the BMI and the CNR in the RCA (r = - 0.41, p < 0.05) and the LMA (r = - 0.47, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: With constant scan parameters and a constant contrast medium amount, the CNR in both coronary arteries decreases while the BMI increases. This implies a modification of previously standardized and fixed examinations with respect to individually adapted protocols with variable parameters for CT coronary angiography.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Coronal ultra-thick multiplanar CT reconstructions (MPR) of the pelvis in the multiple trauma patient: an alternative for the initial conventional radiograph.

PURPOSE: Multiple trauma patients with clinically suspected pelvic fractures often directly undergo a CT scan. However, the initial portable pelvis film (PPF) for further follow-up is then not available. This study examines whether coronal ultra-thick multiplanar reconstructions from CT data are similar when compared with the initial PPF, thus having the potential to serve as an alternative baseline image. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initial PPF and coronal ultra-thick multiplanar CT reconstructions of 33 multiple trauma patients with pelvic fractures were retrospectively analyzed by two independent radiologists with regard to image quality, visualization of anatomical landmarks, and diagnostic accuracy. The primary diagnosis of pelvic fractures was made by using thin axial CT images and thin slice coronal and sagittal reconstructions and served as the standard of reference. RESULTS: Coronal ultra-thick multiplanar CT reconstructions were superior to PPF regarding image adjustment (p < 0.02), absence of overlaying structures (p < 0.05), and overall image quality (p < 0.01). Visualization of most anatomical landmarks was similar with both modalities, except of the iliosacral joint and acetabular lines which were more accurately depicted on ultra-thick multiplanar CT reconstructions (p < 0.05). Diagnostic accuracy of coronal ultra-thick CT reconstructions was similar to PPF regarding most fracture types, except of a higher accuracy of coronal ultra-thick CT reconstructions for iliosacral joint and acetabular column fractures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Coronal ultra-thick multiplanar CT reconstructions of the pelvis provide similar image quality and diagnostic accuracy compared to PPF and are therefore suited as alternative baseline image in multiple trauma patients who directly undergo CT.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Diagnostic assessment of painless microhematuria: prospective study comparing image quality, assessibility and diagnostic certainty of multidetector-row CT and intravenous pyelography within a single examination].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to prospectively compare intravenous pyelography (IVP) and combined unenhanced and excretory phase multidetector-row CT (MDCT) with respect to image quality, diagnostic certainty and diagnostic concordance with the final clinical diagnosis in patients with painless microhematuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unenhanced MDCT, IVP and excretory phase MDCT were performed in 59 consecutive patients (21 women, 38 men, mean age 56 +/- 19 years, range 23 - 83 years) with painless microhematuria of unknown origin during a single examination with a single contrast media application (100 ml, non-ionic iodinated contrast media). Images were assessed by two experienced urogenital radiologists in consensus for image quality, diagnostic certainty of stone detection, obstruction, parenchymal lesions and morphological distinctive features. Imaging diagnoses of MDCT and IVP were compared with the final clinical diagnoses. In case of failure to detect an relevant pathology, the final clinical diagnosis was established after a mean follow-up period of 18 +/- 6 months (10 months to 2 years). Costs and radiation exposure of IVP and MDCT were compared. RESULTS: MDCT scan performed better than IVP in terms of image quality for all regarded variables. Image quality of MDCT was rated in all parameters as very good or good; the image quality of IVP differed in a wide range. MDCT and IVP reached a sensitivity of 100 % and 50 % for stone detection (n = 14, p = 0.008), respectively. Two bladder stones were not detected by IVU but correctly seen with MDCT. MDCT and IVP were unsatisfactory for detecting transitional cell carcinomas (n = 4, 2 of 4 detected with MDCT, 0 of 4 detected with IVU). One false positive transitional cell carcinoma was detected with IVP, none with MDCT. Additional relevant pathological changes (one teratoma, one abdominal aortic aneurysma and one abscess) were detected using MDCT but missed with IVP. In 38 of 59 patients (64 %) imaging and clinical follow-up over up to 24 months did not reveal any pathology to explain the microhematuria. The costs of the IVP (283 Euro) were lower compared with non-enhanced MDCT (380 Euro) or combined non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced MDCT (560 Euro). The radiation exposure was 23 - 27 mSv for MDCT and 2.3 mSv for IVP. CONCLUSION: MDCT performed better regarding image quality, subjective diagnostic certainty and diagnostic results with respect to stone detection. Since urolithiasis is a frequent cause of painless microhematuria MDCT is recommended as the initial imaging modality rather than IVU.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Retrospectively ECG-gated multi-detector row CT of the chest: does ECG-gating improve three-dimensional visualization of the bronchial tree?

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of retrospectively ECG-gated multi-detector row CT (MDCT) on three-dimensional (3D) visualization of the bronchial tree and virtual bronchoscopy (VB) as compared to non-ECG-gated data acquisition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced retrospectively ECG-gated and non-ECG-gated MDCT of the chest was performed in 25 consecutive patients referred for assessment of coronary artery bypass grafts and pathology of the ascending aorta. ECG-gated MDCT data were reconstructed in diastole using an absolute reverse delay of - 400 msec in all patients. In 10 patients additional reconstructions at - 200 msec, - 300 msec, and - 500 msec prior to the R-wave were performed. Shaded surface display (SSD) and virtual bronchoscopy (VB) for visualization of the bronchial segments was performed with ECG-gated and non-ECG-gated MDCT data. The visualization of the bronchial tree underwent blinded scoring. Effective radiation dose and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for both techniques were compared. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in visualizing single bronchial segments using ECG-gated compared to non-ECG-gated MDCT data. However, the total sum of scores for all bronchial segments visualized with non-ECG-gated MDCT was significantly higher compared to ECG-gated MDCT (P < 0.05). The summary scores for visualization of bronchial segments for different diastolic reconstructions did not differ significantly. The effective radiation dose and the SNR were significantly higher with the ECG-gated acquisition technique (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The bronchial tree is significantly better visualized when using non-ECG-gated MDCT compared to ECG-gated MDCT. Additionally, non-ECG-gated techniques require less radiation exposure. Thus, the current retrospective ECG-gating technique does not provide any additional benefit for 3D visualization of the bronchial tree and VB.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Time-effectiveness, observer-dependence, and accuracy of measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction using 4-channel MDCT.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the time-effectiveness, inter-observer variance, and accuracy of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) measurements using retrospectively ECG-gated four-channel multi-detector row CT (MDCT) angiography in comparison with biplane cine-ventriculography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients underwent retrospectively ECG-gated MDCT angiography and conventional coronary angiography with biplane ventriculography. Raw MDCT data were reconstructed at 0 % - 90 % of the cardiac cycle in increments of 10 %. Ten geometrically identical multiplanar reformations parallel to the short axis of the heart were reconstructed in each patient. Three blinded readers segmented the left ventricle in the end-systolic and end-diastolic phase using standardized window settings in order to determine the EF. The EF was measured with biplane cine-ventriculography by two blinded readers and was compared with MDCT. The time needed for post-processing was recorded and the inter-observer agreement for both imaging techniques was assessed. RESULTS: Mean post-processing time was 63 +/- 3 min per patient for MDCT and 5.5 +/- 1.2 min for ventriculography. MDCT and ventriculography showed a good correlation (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) for measurement of the EF. Mean errors of EF measurements for the three MDCT readers compared with the mean of the ventriculography were - 6.3 +/- 6.6 %, - 4.7 +/- 7.1 % and - 4.6 +/- 5.7 %, respectively. The mean differences between the three readers assessing MDCT were - 1.6 +/- 3.2 % (reader 1 versus 2, r = 0.96), - 1.6 +/- 5.6 % (1 versus 3, r = 0.95) and - 0.011 +/- 2.9 % (2 versus 3, r = 0.97, p < 0.0001). The mean differences between the two readers assessing ventriculography was 0.32 +/- 5.1 % (r = 0.88, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: MDCT correlates well with biplane cine-ventriculography but has the tendency to underestimate the left ventricular EF. Measurements using MDCT have a high inter-observer agreement, however, the time needed for additional MDCT data post-processing is still unacceptably long.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Multi-detector row CT: effect of iodine dose reduction on hepatic and vascular enhancement.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of different iodine concentrations of intravenous contrast agent on hepatic and vascular enhancement during arterial and porto-venous phase imaging using a 4-channel multi-detector row CT (MDCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients referred for triphasic abdominal MDCT were randomly assigned into four groups receiving different iodine concentration (200, 250, 300 or 350 mg/ml). Non-contrast, arterial, and porto-venous phase 4-channel MDCT imaging was performed (VolumeZoom, Siemens, Germany). A fixed volume of 150 ml intravenous contrast agent at a rate of 3 ml/s was injected using an automatic bolus-tracking system (Care Bolus, Siemens, Erlangen). Hepatic and vascular enhancement values were measured over time and non-contrast values were subtracted in order to compute arterial and porto-venous mean hepatic (MHE) and mean aortic (MAE) enhancement for each group. Mean change of enhancement > 80 HU for the aorta and > 40 HU for the liver during porto-venous phase imaging was considered as sufficient enhancement. RESULTS: All groups achieved sufficient vascular enhancement during arterial phase imaging; MAE with 350 mg/ml (222 HU) and 300 mg/ml (213HU) was significantly better than with 250 mg (196HU) and 200 mg/ml (169 HU), whereas MHE showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (range 16 - 25 HU). Porto-venous MHE showed increased enhancement with larger concentrations, with significant differences among the groups. Only the higher concentration groups (350 mg/ml und 300 mg/ml) fulfilled in every individual the guidelines for sufficient porto-venous MHE. In the lower concentration groups, 8 patients with 200 mg/ml and 3 patients with 250 mg/ml showed enhancement values below the required minimum. CONCLUSION: A decrease in iodine contrast agent down to 200 mg/ml concentration is only tenable for propose of vascular aortic and hepatic arterial enhancement, whereas hepatic porto-venous phase imaging still requires concentrations at or above the level of 300 mg/ml.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Application of multislice spiral CT (MSCT) in multiple injured patients and its effect on diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms].

The initial diagnostic work-up of trauma victims with multiple injuries is currently a combination of conventional radiography (CR), ultrasound (US), and computed tomography (CT). This article reviews the diagnostic quality of the different imaging modalities regarding detection and classification of injuries. CT performs better than US in detecting traumatic lesions of abdominal parenchymal organs. Furthermore, CT is better than CR in detecting therapeutically relevant chest and bone injuries. MSCT may replace CR and US under the condition that it is faster than or at least as fast as the conventional approach to diagnose life threatening injuries. This can be achieved only by changing the work-flow for the entire trauma team including radiologist. Furthermore, certain prerequisites must be fulfilled including integration of a MSCT scanner into the emergency room. An optimized whole body CT protocol for the assessment of trauma victims using MSCT as well as a two-step algorithm for reporting the imaging findings depending on their clinical significance is presented.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Null mutation of the Lmo4 gene or a combined null mutation of the Lmo1/Lmo3 genes causes perinatal lethality, and Lmo4 controls neural tube development in mice.

The LIM-only family of proteins comprises four members; two of these (LMO1 and LMO2) are involved in human T-cell leukemia via chromosomal translocations, and LMO2 is a master regulator of hematopoiesis. We have carried out gene targeting of the other members of the LIM-only family, viz., genes Lmo1, Lmo3 and Lmo4, to investigate their role in mouse development. None of these genes has an obligatory role in lymphopoiesis. In addition, while null mutations of Lmo1 or Lmo3 have no discernible phenotype, null mutation of Lmo4 alone causes perinatal lethality due to a severe neural tube defect which occurs in the form of anencephaly or exencephaly. Since the Lmo1 and Lmo3 gene sequences are highly related and have partly overlapping expression domains, we assessed the effect of compound Lmo1/Lmo3 null mutations. Although no anatomical defects were apparent in compound null pups, these animals also die within 24 h of birth, suggesting that a compensation between the related Lmo1 and 3 proteins can occur during embryogenesis to negate the individual loss of these genes. Our results complete the gene targeting of the LIM-only family in mice and suggest that all four members of this family are important in regulators of distinct developmental pathways.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2003

[Acute epigastric pain].

Epigastric pain is a frequent complaint in emergency patients and shows a wide spectrum of differential diagnostic possibilities. Dangerous causes with life threatening consequences have to be ruled out as soon as possible, including causes of extra abdominal organs (heart, great vesels). After checking for and adequate treatment of vital parameters an efficient management strategy should consider the acuteness of symptoms, as velocity of pain onset is often related to its seriousness (aneurysmatic rupture of great vessels, parenchymal damage or infarction). A rare cause of acute epigastric pain is bleeding or rupture of renal or hepatic cysts. Imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and computed tomography, are helpful in finding the correct diagnosis without loosing to much time. Therapy depends on aetiology and dignity of the lesion, often an invasive surgical intervention is the only possibility to confirm the correct diagnosis.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2003

[Contrast-enhanced MR angiography for differentiation between perigastric and submucosal gastric fundal varices].

PURPOSE: To evaluate contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the distinction between perigastric and submucosal fundal varices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen consecutive patients with clinically suspected fundal varices underwent contrast-enhanced MR angiography and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) within one week. Diagnostic confidence for the detection of perigastric and submucosal fundal varices was compared between MR angiography (two radiologists) and EUS (one gastroenterologist), and the agreement of size and location was evaluated. RESULTS: Both MR angiography and EUS detected perigastric varices in all 19 patients and submucosal fundal varices in 14 of the 19 patients. The interobserver reliability of MR angiography was good for measuring the variceal diameter (kappa = 0.76) and excellent for localizing the varices (kappa = 1.0). EUS and MR angiography agreed in 12 of 14 patients (86 %) in determining variceal diameter and location. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced MR angiography is comparable to endoscopic ultrasound in the detection and characterization of gastric fundal varices.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Use of electrical impedance scanning in the differentiation of sonographically suspicious and highly suspicious lymph nodes of the head-neck region.

Sonographic differentiation between inflammatory and malignant lymph nodes is difficult, due in part to almost unchanged morphology of small lymph node metastases; however, as cancer cells exhibit altered dielectric properties, measurement of local electrical field distortions may be useful as adjunct to ultrasound in detection of malignancy. In this study, we evaluated the ability of electrical impedance scanning (EIS) to differentiate cervically located sonographically suspicious or highly suspicious lymph nodes. Seventy patients with 106 sonographically suspicious lymph nodes (mean size 20 x 13 x 13 mm, mean depth 8 mm) were examined using TransScan TS2000 (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany; manufactured by TransScan Research and Development Co., Israel). Included in the study were cervical ( n=64), inframandibular/periparotideal ( n=32) and nuchal/supraclavicular ( n=10) nodes. The EIS results were compared with histopathological ( n=100) and serological ( n=6) findings. Sixty-two of 64 malignant lymph nodes were correctly detected using EIS; 19 of 42 inflammatory/benign lymph nodes were correctly identified as benign (true positive 96.9%, true negative 45.2%; accuracy 71.3%, negative predictive value 90.5%, positive predictive value 59.6%). The high tumour detection rate achieved in this study suggests that EIS may be of value as an adjunctive technique in differentiation of lymph nodes of the head-neck region. Software changes to reduce the high number of false-positive markers are, however, necessary to improve the value in the evaluation during a regular clinical routine.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2002

Electrical impedance scanning of lymph nodes: initial clinical and technical findings.

PURPOSE: The sonographic differentiation between inflammatory and malignant lymph node enlargement remains imprecise. Electrical impedance scanning (EIS) is of more value in malignant breast lesions, and this study was undertaken to determine if it was of use in differentiating nodal enlargement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-six sonographically suspicious lymph nodes (146 patients) of mean size 18 x 11 x 11 mm mean depth 9 mm were examined using a commercially available electrical impedance imaging system. The following locations of lymph nodes were included in the study: cervical, axillary, inguinal, supraclavicular and chest/abdominal wall. The EIS results were compared to histopathological, serological or follow up findings. RESULTS: Using EIS 105/115 malignant nodes were correctly diagnosed, while 70/121 inflammatory or benign lymph nodes were correctly identified as benign by EIS (10 false-negative, 51 false-positive). Sensitivity (91.3%) and specificity (57.9%) were obtained. Corresponding negative and positive predictive values were 87.5% and 67.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this initial study suggest potential value for EIS as an imaging adjunct in the differentiation of sonographically equivocal lesions. Best accuracy was achieved at chest/abdominal wall and inguinal locations. Due to technical restrictions with the present system, the examination of inframandibular and para-aortal lymph nodes should be limited to special cases.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2002

Electrical impedance scanning used in addition to ultrasound for the verification of submandibular and parotid lesions: initial results.

OBJECTIVES: Different dielectric properties of cancerous tissues are correlated with increased conductance potentially measurable using Electrical Impedance Scanning (EIS). Sonographically based differentiation of lesions in the salivary glands remains difficult. The clinical value of EIS used additionally to Ultrasound was investigated. METHODS: Sonographically suspicious lesions of parotid (n = 25) and submandibular (n = 16) glands were examined using TransScan TS2000 (TransScan Medical, Israel; distributed by Siemens, Sweden). Bright focal spots representing areas of high conductance were read as positive; absence of a focal spot (ie, homogeneous gray) was read as negative. All lesions were histopathologically proved. RESULTS: 14/15 malignant (93.3%) and 13/26 benign lesions (50.0%) were correctly detected using EIS, NPV 93%, PPV 52%. All cases of squamous cell carcinoma were correctly identified. Lymph node relapse of T-cell lymphoma, lymph node relapse of malignant melanoma, malignant hemangioendothelioma and 2/3 adenocystic carcinoma (primary metastases) were correctly detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial results suggest EIS to be of interest when used adjunctively to ultrasound for the identification of malignant lesions of the salivary glands. However, low specificity induced in part by current technical restrictions (bone interference, skin alterations, contact artifacts, prominence of the lesions) limit this clinical application.

Electric Impedance↗
PubMed2002

[Differential diagnosis of benign and malignant mammary lesions with special regard to the BI-RADS((R)) classification system in mammography].

Mammography is the imaging method of choice for the diagnostic workup of breast tumors in screening programs as well as in symptomatic patients. Quality assurance is one of the main prerequisites for a successful performance in both fields. Quality assurance on the technical and film processing level can be easily achieved compared to reporting and outcome monitoring on the level of the physician performing mammography. This is especially due to the lack of standards of the written reports. This article reviews the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS((R))) developed and commercialized by the American College of Radiology, contains several examples of lesion classification and discusses the significance of the BI-RADS((R)) approach.

Breast↗
PubMed2001

Only one nemo-like kinase gene homologue in invertebrate and mammalian genomes.

The nemo-like kinase (Nlk) connects the MAP kinase and Wnt signalling pathways. We have found that invertebrate (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster) and mammalian genomes (Mus musculus and Homo sapiens) each contain only a single functional Nlk gene. The mouse genome also harbours a transcriptionally silent processed Nlk pseudogene residing on chromosome 2. Thus, while genes encoding upstream (such as Wnts and frizzelds) and downstream (such as TCF/LEF) components of the Wnt signalling pathway have been extensively diversified during evolution, genes encoding components of the common core of the connecting signalling structure (such as beta-catenin, GSK beta and Nlk) have been maintained in single copies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Tumour detection rate of a new commercially available computer-aided detection system.

The aim of this study was to determine the tumour detection rate and false positive rate of a new mammographic computer-aided detection system (CAD) in order to assess its clinical usefulness. The craniocaudal and oblique images of 150 suspicious mammograms from 150 patients that were histologically proven to be malignant were analysed using the Second Look CAD (CADx Medical Systems, Quebec, Canada). Cases were selected randomly using the clinic's internal tumour case sampler. Correct marking of the malignant lesion in at least one view was scored as a true positive. Marks not at the location of the malignant lesion were scored as false positives. In addition, mammograms with histologically proven benign masses ( n=50) and microcalcifications ( n=50), as well as 100 non-suspicious mammograms, were scanned in order to determine the value of false-positive marks per image. The 150 mammograms included 94 lesions that were suspicious due to masses, 26 due to microcalcifications and 30 showed both signs of malignancy. The overall sensitivity was 90.0% (135 of 150). Sensitivity on subsets of the data was 88.7% (110 of 124) for suspicious masses (MA) and 98.2% (55 of 56) for microcalcifications. Eight of 14 false-negative cases were large lesions. The overall false-positive rate was observed as 0.28 and 0.97 marks per image of microcalcifications and masses, respectively. The lowest false-positive rates for microcalcifications and MA were observed in the cancer subgroup, whereas the highest false-positive rates were scored in the benign but mammographically suspicious subgroups, respectively. The new CAD system shows a high tumour detection rate, with approximately 1.3 false positive marks per image. These results suggest that this system might be clinically useful as a second reader of mammograms. The system performance was particularly useful for detecting microcalcifications.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Identification and characterization of two novel calpain large subunit genes.

Calpains are a family of related proteins, some of which have been shown to function as calcium-dependent cysteine proteases. CAPN1 and CAPN2, the most well characterized calpains, consist of a large (80 kDa) and a small (30 kDa) subunit. In mammals, 11 different paralogous genes encoding calpain large subunits have been identified. We report the identification of two further genes, CAPN13 and CAPN14, potentially encoding calpain large subunits. Radiation hybrid mapping localized both genes within a region mapped to 2p21-2p22. The CAPN13 mRNA exhibits a restricted tissue distribution with low levels of expression detected only in human testis and lung while CAPN14 mRNA could not be detected in any of the 76 tissues examined. Examination of the human genome sequence in the public and private consortia databases did not detect any further members of this gene family. Thus, there would seem to be 13 large subunit calpain genes in the human genome. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the putative calpain large subunit proteins can be divided into three major groups. The 13 human large subunit genes and the single small subunit gene are located in eight syntenic groups on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 15, 19 and X.

Amino Acid Sequence↗