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T Bergan

Publications and source records attributed to T Bergan.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of acute perihepatitis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease.

Of four cases of acute salpingitis and perihepatitis confirmed by laparoscopy Chlamydia trachomatis was cultured from the cervix only in two and from both the cervix uteri and the Fallopian tubes in two; the latter finding has not been reported from cases with combined salpingitis and perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome). Since gonococci, other aerobic, or anaerobic bacteria were not isolated from the Fallopian tubes, an aetiological relationship between C trachomatis and the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is suggested.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Assay of cefotaxime by high-pressure-liquid chromatography.

A high-pressure-liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for quantitative assay of cefotaxime (CT) and its major metabolite in serum of normal individuals, desacetyl cefotaxime (DACT), is described. It employs Lichrosorb RP-8, elution with phosphoric-acid-methanol and UV absorption at 310 nm. The method is optimized for cefotaxime and allows differentiation between the parent compound and the biotransformation product DACT. The lower assay sensitivity level of CT and DACT is 0.3 microgram/ml. Correlation between HPLC and microbiological assay with Escherichia coli or Proteus rettgeri of pooled serum with CT added is r = 0.99. The method is rapid; processing of one sample takes 17 min. Use of HPLC avoids the errors of microbiological assays which derived from the presence in patient sera of different ratios of CT and DACT. The apparent rate of serum elimination is linearly related to the sensitivity of the microbial assay indicator strain to DACT. There is synergistic antibacterial activity between CT and DACT regardless of relative minimum inhibitory concentrations of the agents.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in patients with enteric disease compared to normal volunteers.

Tablets of 500 mg metronidazole were given to 24 patients with intestinal diseases and to 10 healthy volunteers. The diagnoses included coeliac disease, ulcerative colitis, jejunoileal shunt, ileostomy, and Crohn's disease. Both normal subjects and patients exhibited considerable variation in serum metronidazole concentrations. This applied particularly to the patients who had somewhat slower absorption and later occurrence of serum peaks than did the normal subjects. No major deviation occurred within any of the diagnostic groups. All but the ileostomy patients exhibited a lag before apparent absorption. The individual peaks occurred after 1.5-2.0 h and was 12.7 +/- 2.1 microgram/ml in all disease groups, except the ileostomy patients who exhibited a mean of 16.2 microgram/ml. In the healthy subjects, the mean peak was 12.1 +/- 4.6 microgram/ml. A major finding was the observation that the patients as a group had a higher total area under the serum curves (AUC) than the volunteers. The AUC of normal volunteers was 108.1 microgram . h . ml-1 compared to 260.5 microgram . h. ml-1 in the patients with ileostomy and 147.6 microgram . h . ml-1 for the others. The higher AUC values in the ileostomy group were associated with longer serum half-life values. The serum half-life was 8.3 in the normals, 11.9 with ileostomy and 7.2 h in the remainder. The normal individuals and the patients with ulcerative colitis had higher rates of absorption, those with coeliac disease or ileostomy lower absorption rates than was found elsewhere. The relative volume of distribution (the distribution coefficient) was the same in the healthy individuals as in each patients group, except for the ileostomy patients. The total body clearance was 1.94 liters/h in ileostomy, 3.68 liters/h in the other patients, and 5.43 liters/h in the normal subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin during haemodialysis.

The pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin was studied in six patients with end stage renal failure. They were given 2.0 g mezlocillin intravenously both during and without haemodialysis. The mean serum half-life was 2.1 h off dialysis and 1.2 h on dialysis. The distribution volumes were of the same order with and without dialysis. While the patients are on haemodialysis, dosage may be as in patients with normal renal function. Only very minor or no dosage adjustments in relation to normal dosage appear necessary for mezlocillin when the patients are not on dialysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pathogenetic factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is easily differentiated from the two other most common pseudomonad pathogens, is low. This species primarily causes disease in patients with local anatomic changes or in the immune compromized hosts. A number of bacterial factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the microbe. Surface structures like the glycocalyx-capsular material-is involved in attachment to mucosal surfaces and resistance against phagocytosis and immunolysis of cells. The interference with bacterial components on mucociliar clearance of the bronchial tract have been described. In cystic fibrosis local environmental substances enhancing the production of capsular material have been described and the tendency for colonization of mucoid strains in cystic fibrosis probably is related to these factors. Another general component of gram-negative bacteria is endotoxin, but the toxicity of this cell wall constituent is relatively low in P. aeruginosa. A number of proteolytic enzymes with a probable role in disease have been described: collagenase, fibrinolysin, elastase, caseinase, and gelatinase. A proteolytic enzyme with activity against substances like casein, egg albumin, gluten, and haemoglobin has been described. A component like exotoxin A can produce skin lesions and antibodies produced with toxoid of exotoxin A are protective against this bacterial agent. Enterotoxin has been described based on rabbit intestinal loop preparations, but has not been further characterized and diarrhoea is rarely caused by P. aeruginosa. Haemolytic effect has been caused by a heat labile phospholipase C and by a heat stabile moiety. A leucocidin has been described: this may in part be capsular material. In addition, an exoenzyme S has been suggested as a virulence factor.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed1981

Effect of metronidazole and ampicillin on patients with gangrenous or perforated appendicitis. A comparative study.

A study comparing the effectiveness of metronidazole and ampicillin in preventing wound infection in gangrenous or perforated appendicitis without general peritonitis was performed. Metronidazole was given as suppository immediately after the operation (1 g) and the administration continued for 10 days. Initially, one suppository was given every 8 h for one or two days, thereafter one tablet (400 mg) every 8 h until 10 days after the operation. In the ampicillin group, ampicillin (4.0-6.0 g) was deposited intraperitoneally during surgery, followed by 1.0 g ampicillin every 6 h, first intravenously (or intramuscularly) for one or two days and thereafter as tablets. Of the 50 patients initially present in the study, 7 were excluded, 22 received ampicillin and 21 metronidazole. In the first group, 8 patients had perforated, and 14 patients gangrenous appendicitis. In the metronidazole group, the corresponding figures were 11 and 10. The mean hospitalization period after operation was 6.8 days for both groups. In the metronidazole group, wound infection was not observed. In the ampicillin group, 2 patients (9.1%) had wound infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Azlocillin with and without an aminoglycoside against respiratory tract infections in children with cystic fibrosis.

Nine patients with cystic fibrosis have been treated with azlocillin alone and later with azlocillin combined with an aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) for 50 treatment courses. In the initial series when azlocillin was employed alone, a gradual increase in MIC during successive courses was observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When the beta-lactam antibiotic was combined with an aminoglycoside, the MIC was either maintained or reduced. Objective criteria like peak expiratory flow, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fever, body weight or bacterial cultures could not clearly identify the combination therapy as better clinically than azlocillin monotherapy. However, the patients subjective and our clinical impression is that the combination therapy was better. The clinical course and the lack of increased resistance on combination therapy make a combination of azlocillin and an aminoglycoside preferable to the beta-lactam alone.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1981

Overview of acylureidopenicillin pharmacokinetics.

The acylureidopenicillins which have been in man are azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and furazlocillin (Bay k 4999). They exhibit dose dependent pharmacokinetics and accordingly upon increasing the doses have serum levels which are higher than the multiple of the dose, longer serum half-life (t1/2), and lower clearances (total serum clearance, renal clearance, and non-renal clearance). With doses of 1-2 g, t1/2 very between 0.7-1.1 h, and with 5.0 g 1.2-1.8 g. The elimination phase distribution volume corresponds to 10-30% of the body weight. The agents are excreted mainly through the kidneys. Referenced to the antibacterial activity of unchanged drugs, 50-80% of intravenous doses are eliminated in the urine. Only 25-35% of the dose of furazlocillin is excreted unchanged in the urine. The t1/2 is increased in reduced renal function, but mezlocillin is relatively little influenced by renal failure. With identical dose sizes, azlocillin appears to be subject to dose dependent pharmacokinetics to a higher degree than mezlocillin and piperacillin. Higher serum levels are also reached by azlocillin and the t1/2 of this agent is increased more in reduced renal failure than is the case for mezlocillin. The biliary levels of the acylureidopenicillins are high. A considerable biliary excretion occurs in reduced hepatic parenchymal function. The serum protein binding of these compounds decreases with higher concentrations varying between some 30% for 200 micrograms/ml and 50% for 2 micrograms/ml of azlocillin and mezlocillin, a mean of 16% for piperacillin in concentrations ranging from 20-300 micrograms/ml, and an average of 60% for furazlocillin. The acylureidopenicillins penetrate into tissues, cerebrospinal fluid and foetuses to produce therapeutic levels. The levels are rather low in bone tissue.

Absorption↗
PubMed1981

Enterobacteria differentiated by gas-liquid chromatography of metabolites.

The short chain acids of 47 strains within the family Enterobacteriaceae grown on prereduced, anaerobically sterilized peptone yeast-extract glucose broth (PRAS PY G) under standardized conditions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The bacteria could be subdivided into six groups on the basis of their metabolites. Acetate, lactate, succinate and ethanol were detected from all strains and constituted a set of basic fermentation products, P, mirabilis, in addition, produced propanol, and was distinguished from P. morganii which formed propionate, pyruvate, methanol and oxalacetate, P. rettgeri only produced methanol along with the basic metabolites. Butanol and 2, 3-butanediol were characteristic of bacteria with the butanediol modification of mixed-acid fermentation, but could only be detected after anaerobic growth. Additionally, Hafnia produced propanol, which differentiated these strains from Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia and Erwinia. The results indicate that GLC of metabolites may render supplementary information utilizable in identification of enteric bacteria.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacokinetics of cefapirin in patients with normal and impaired renal functions.

The pharmacokinetics of 3-hydroxymethyl-7-[2-(4-pyridyl-thio)acetamido]-2-cephem-2-carboxylic acid acetate (cefapirin) was evaluated after 1.0 g i.m. to 14 patients with different glomerular and tubular functions. Peaks in normal renal function ranged between 9--17 micrograms/ml and was 3--4 times higher in patients with glomerular filtration rates below 30 ml/min. The serum half-life in normal renal function was 0.8 h and was somewhat increased in renal impairment. The distribution volume was little influenced by renal capacity. Recommendations for dosage are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Kidney transport of cefapirin in normal and impaired renal function.

The renal transport of cefapirin has been assessed in thirteen patients after one dose of 1.0 g i.m. In normal glomerular filtration rate, approximately 50-60% of the dose is recovered in the urine in active form. The corresponding figure in functions below 30 ml/min was 10-30%. In normal function, tubular secretion accounts for ca. 1/4-1/3 of the amount appearing in the urine.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1980

[Mecillinam].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Amdinocillin↗
PubMed1980

An in vitro model for monitoring bacterial responses to antibiotic agents under simulated in vivo conditions.

A new in vitro model for the study of bacterial responses to antibacterial agents at exponentially varying concentrations, i. e. at given elimination half-life values simulating in vivo conditions, is described. The initial concentrations and elimination rates of the agents, composition of bacterial milieu, and commencing density of the bacterial population may be altered. The principal responses of key gram-negative and gram-positive species to bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents and experimental variation are described.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Bacterial kill rates of amoxycillin and ampicillin at exponentially diminishing concentrations simulating in vivo conditions.

The responses of bacteria exposed to amoxycillin and ampicillin were studied at continuously decreasing levels with half-life values similar to those which could occur in vivo. For Escherichia coli, the kill-rates were higher with amoxycillin than with ampicillin. The bactericidal response was exponential. With an antibiotic half-life of one hour, the amoxycillin first order inactivation rate was 3.544 h-1 and the viable cell half-life was 0.196 h; the respective values for ampicillin were 2.341 h-1 and 0.296 h. With an antibiotic half-life of five hours, the inactivation rate was 0.704 h-1 corresponding to a viable cell half-life of 0.985 h for amoxycillin compared to 0.358 h-1 and 1.937 h respectively for ampicillin. Comparison of viable counts and photometric monitoring showed that the former is the preferable method for recording the bacterial response to these beta-lactam antibiotics. During the phase of exponential kill, a plateau occurred in the optical density values. This was due in part to an increased biomass per cell. During the recovery phase, the number of viable cells started to increase several hours sooner than did the rise in optical density. For Staphylococcus aureus,the rates of kill were similar with both agents. Amoxycillin had a long bacteriostatic phase which was not seen with ampicillin. This led to a longer lasting antibacterial effect and reduction to a lower total count with amoxycillin. With staphylococci, the viable counts and the photometric responses were parallel.

Amoxicillin↗