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Biomedical subjects

T A Ban

Publications and source records attributed to T A Ban.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The psychopharmacological treatment of depression in the medically ill patient.

With the introduction of effective antidepressants, pharmacotherapy has not been limited exclusively to the psychiatrically ill, but has been expanded to include medically ill patients exhibiting depressive symptomatology as well. This has led to problems in diagnostic differentiation and, just as important, problems with interactions resulting from multiple medications. By describing the coexistence of depressive symptomatology in a large variety of physical illness, the physician is alerted to the complexities of psychiatric illness in the medically ill patient as well as the caution necessitated by the poly-pharmacotherapy required in this population.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1984

Leonhard's classification of the chronic schizophrenias.

The conceptual development of Leonhard's classification of the chronic schizophrenias is outlined. The recognition within that classification of the importance of the polarity dimension has led to the identification of two distinct populations--atypical nonsystematic and typical systematic schizophrenia--each with a variety of different subtypes. It is hoped that recognition and validation of this group of illnesses which, for three-quarters of a century, have been called "schizophrenia" will provide a basis for meaningful biological research. Increasing interest in the system has already produced an awareness that future progress in the understanding of mental illness will greatly depend upon re-establishing the central place of psychopathology in psychiatric research.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1984

Description and distribution of the subtypes of chronic schizophrenia based on Leonhard's classification.

Prior to the introduction of neuroleptics a lack of interest in complex classifications of the chronic schizophrenias was due to the lack of effective treatment. With the recognition of neuroleptic response heterogeneity, and of the hazards of long-term neuroleptic administration, interest in subtype classification such as that of Leonhard has grown. A simplification of the Leonhard scheme is presented. The first distinction drawn is between systematic or process schizophrenia and nonsystematic or episodic schizophrenia. Both groups are further subdivided according to whether the symptomatology is dominated by cognitive, affective or motor features. In the case of the systemic schizophrenias, further subdivision of the 3 major types is made on the basis of both severity and specific symptom characteristics. If such a scheme were a natural or biologically-based classification, rather than merely an artificial subdivision of schizophrenia, one might expect that similar proportions of the different subtypes would be found in independently selected samples. Preliminary data composing subtype proportions in Leonhard's original group, a population reported by Astrup, and a recently obtained international sample are presented. Some significant correlations between the samples are observed, and despite methodological short comings, the similarities in the distribution of subtypes across time and across countries give some support to Leonhard's taxonomy.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1983

Organizing and conducting clinical trials.

Of the three stages of clinical trial, i.e. design, data collection, analysis, the second stage is the most neglected. The literature abounds with discussions on design and analysis, but there is a dearth of information on the organization and execution of the trial itself. Easily the most time-consuming aspect of a trial, data collection is frequently carried out by individuals who have not designed the study and who will not perform the analysis of results. With different individuals involved in each of the stages, intercommunication on substantive and procedural issues is essential for the successful culmination of the clinical project.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1982

Prostaglandins and schizophrenia: a review.

1. Clinical observations and experimental findings are rendered which have raised the possibility that schizophrenia may be related to PGE deficiency and/or excess. 2. In favor of PGE1 deficiency are the findings that ADP-induced increase in synthesis and PGE1 stimulated cAMP accumulation are significantly lower in platelets of schizophrenic patients than in normal controls. 3. In favor of PGE excess are the findings that the concentration of immunoreactive PGE in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenics is higher than that of healthy controls, neurotic patients and patients undergoing neurological examination. 4. An argument against the PG excess hypothesis is that paracetamol, a substance which reduces PG levels has no therapeutic effect in schizophrenia. 5. The two hypotheses--PGE deficiency and PGE excess--are not compatible because of the bell shape dose response curve with PG's in certain biological systems.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed1982

Bromperidol maintenance in schizophrenia.

Twenty-three patients who completed a four-week, double-blind, clinical trial of bromperidol versus haloperidol were treated with bromperidol for eight additional weeks in a continuation study. Over 87 percent of patients maintained their improved status or showed further improvement. Extrapyramidal signs were frequent, but required discontinuation of treatment in only two patients.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1982

Systematic studies with amoxapine, a new antidepressant.

Amoxapine, a tricyclic dibenzoxazepine is an antidepressant which in the dosage range of 150-300 mg/day is notable for its rapid onset of action. Because of the rather long, approximately 30-hour, half-life of 8-hydroxyamoxapine, the active metabolite of amoxapine, the possibility was raised that amoxapine therapy may be carried out with single daily dosages. Such a dosage schedule may improve compliance and, if appropriately timed, decrease perception of some of the unwanted effects of the drug. To test the hypothesis that there may be no disadvantages and perhaps even advantages of a once-a-day regimen as compared to a divided dosage schedule, a 6-week double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 35 hospitalized patients with major (18 patients) and minor (17 patients) depressive disorders. While no statistically significant difference was found in overall therapeutic and adverse effects between the groups treated with single or divided daily doses, onset of therapeutic effect appeared a bit faster in the group treated with single daily doses. Of particular relevance for drugs which can be given in single daily doses is their effect on psychomotor performance tests. In view of the findings that a once-a-day dosage regimen with amoxapine may have advantages over divided daily doses, a second study was carried out in which the effects of amoxapine (50 and 100 mg) were compared to an inactive placebo and amitriptyline (50 mg) with and without ethanol in 8 normal male volunteers. The study was double-blind and followed a latin square design. Since the effects of amoxapine on motor reflex, visual-motor coordination and depth perception did not differ significantly from placebo, the results suggest that the effects of amoxapine on the performances measured are clinically insignificant. No significant interaction with ethanol was noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A collaborative study of a new antidepressant, viloxazine, in neurotic and endogenous depressives.

In a multicenter series of trials, viloxazine was compared with imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin and placebo in 123 neurotic and endogenous depressive inpatients and outpatients. While significant period effects reflecting improvement were obtained on the majority of efficacy variables, no significant differences were obtained among the treatment groups or depressive types. Imipramine and amitriptyline exhibited more anticholinergic adverse reactions; while, viloxazine exhibited greater CNS effects. Dizziness and nausea were much more frequent in neurotic depressives which may be related to their psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Psychopharmacology and Leonhard's classification of chronic schizophrenias.

There is evidence to indicate that 15% of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic will become chronically hospitalized, and that worldwide one-third to one-half of all psychiatric beds are occupied by schizophrenic patients. In spite of these figures and the public health problem they represent, little attention is paid to chronic hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Even the most recent classification schemas fail to recognize the heterogeneity, exemplified by differential responsiveness to psychotropic drugs, within the chronic schizophrenic population. One systematic approach to classification which does address this problem has been proposed by Leonhard. In this paper, findings and procedures that demonstrate the clinical relevance of Leonhard's system along with some preliminary results and observations from psychopharmacological studies that indicate Leonhard's different subtypes of chronic schizophrenia may represent biologically distinct populations are presented.

Antipsychotic Agents↗