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Biomedical subjects

Simone Lemieux

Publications and source records attributed to Simone Lemieux.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Psychobiological effects observed in obese men experiencing body weight loss plateau.

Our objective was to investigate the psychobiological impact associated with resistance to further weight loss in obese men. Anthropometric and body composition measurements, resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurement, appetite sensation markers, and three questionnaires [Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)] were assessed at baseline and after 1 month of body weight loss plateau induced by a supervised diet and exercise clinical intervention in 11 obese men. The weight loss plateau corresponded to 11.2% of initial body weight (93.9% from fat stores). However, this amount of weight loss induced a significant decrease in RMR (P <.05) and a significant increase in hunger (P <.05) and desire to eat (P <.05). Using the SF-36 Health Survey, physical and mental health were shown to be unchanged at plateau as compared to baseline. The TFEQ showed that cognitive dietary restraint increased (P <.001) compared to baseline. Finally, depression risk as measured by the BDI significantly increased at plateau (P <.01) compared to baseline. Weight loss until resistance to further weight loss may be detrimental for some psychobiological variables including depression, which emphasizes the relevance of caution and reasonable objectives when prescribing a weight reduction program for obese individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The lipoprotein/lipid profile is modulated by a gene-diet interaction effect between polymorphisms in the liver X receptor-alpha and dietary cholesterol intake in French-Canadians.

Genetic and nutritional factors interact together and modulate the plasma lipid profile. We identified variations in the gene encoding the liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and investigated their effects on the plasma lipoprotein/lipid profile. We also examined whether the association between cholesterol intake and plasma lipid profile was modulated by LXRalpha variants. The LXRalpha gene was sequenced in thirty-five French-Canadian men with high plasma total cholesterol (>5.0 mmol/l) and LDL-cholesterol (>3.5 mmol/l) concentrations. dietary cholesterol was obtained from a food-frequency questionnaire. The LXRalpha c.-115G>A, c.-840C>A and c.-1830T>C genotypes were determined by direct sequencing in 732 subjects. Molecular screening of the LXRalpha gene revealed sixteen variants. Genotypes c.-115G>A, c.-840C>A and c.-1830T>C (rare allele frequency of 14.3%, 14.2% and 11.0%, respectively) were analysed further. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were higher in carriers of the -115A, -840A and -1830C allele, compared with the -115G/G, -840C/C and -1830T/T homozygotes (P< or =0.05). In a model including the c.-115G>A polymorphism, cholesterol intake, the interaction term c.-115G>A x cholesterol intake (mg/d) and covariates, LXRalpha-115G>A explained 1.8% and 2.1% of the variance in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P=0.02 and P=0.01), whereas the interaction term explained 2.9% (P=0.002) and 2.8% (P=0.005), respectively. When subjects were divided into four groups according to the median of cholesterol (290.8 mg) and -115G>A genotypes, high cholesterol intake was associated with higher cholesterol levels in -115A carriers. Similar results were observed for c.-840C>A and c.-1830T>C. These results suggest that cholesterol intake interacts with LXRalpha variants to modulate the plasma lipid profile.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Factors influencing the dietary response to a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern in healthy women from the Quebec City metropolitan area.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and baseline food habits on the dietary response to a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern and maintenance of dietary modifications in 73 healthy women. The 12-week nutritional intervention in free-living conditions consisted of two group courses and seven individual sessions with a dietitian. A follow-up visit was performed 12 weeks after the end of the intervention (week 24). A Mediterranean dietary score was derived from a food frequency questionnaire, administered at 0, 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Marital status, socioeconomic level, educational level and household size did not seem to influence the dietary response, whereas women without children followed more closely dietary advice than women with children (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3-10.0). Planning food purchases in function of weekly discounts was also associated with better dietary response to the intervention (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3-8.8). Nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern was effective in modifying food habits of healthy women. The fact of having children or not and food purchase habits seem to influence the response to a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern.

Diet↗
PubMed2006

Variants within the muscle and liver isoforms of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) gene interact with fat intake to modulate indices of obesity in French-Canadians.

Obesity is under the influence of genetic and nutritional factors. The objective was to verify whether variants in the gene encoding the carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), a key enzyme in beta-oxidation of fatty acids, are associated with obesity phenotypes, alone or in interaction with fat intake. Sequencing of CPT1 was performed in 40 overweight subjects and 4 controls. Genotypes were determined in 351 French-Canadians. Fat intake was evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire. We identified 14 genetic variations in CPT1A and 26 in CPT1B. Nine variants within CPT1B and one variant within CPT1A were selected for further analyses based on the minor allele frequency (>10%) or on potential functional impact. A significant association between obesity phenotypes (BMI, weight, and waist girth) and CPT1B c.282-18C > T and p.E531K variants was observed (p < 0.05) No other association was found with variants in CPT1A and CPT1B. When subjects were divided into six groups according to p.E531K genotypes and further on the basis of fat using the median value as a cutoff point (34.4% of energy), BMI, weight, and waist girth were higher in E531/K531 on a high-fat diet compared to E531/K531 subjects under a low-fat diet (p = 0.004, p = 0.006, p = 0.003, respectively). There was no difference among E531/E531 and K531/K531. Similar results were obtained with the CPT1A p.A275T variant as BMI and waist girth were higher in A275/A275 on a high fat compared to A275/A275 subjects on a low-fat diet. Among carriers of the T275 allele, obesity indices were not affected by fat intake (p = 0.05 and p = 0.008 for BMI and waist girth, respectively). Among variants within the CPT1B gene, 13 haplotypes were inferred and the two most frequent haplotypes, H7 (38.0%) and H5 (27.7%), were kept for diplotype analysis. These haplotypes were not associated with indices of obesity, but as observed with the CPT1B E531K variant fat intake modulated this association. In conclusion, this finding suggests that indices of obesity might be modulated by an interaction between CPT1 variants and fat intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

UNLABELLED: Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between circulating ox-LDL and components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a sample of 124 postmenopausal women with varying glucose tolerance status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy. Ox-LDL concentrations were measured in plasma by a monoclonal antibody (mAb-4E6) based competition ELISA. LDL peak particle diameter (LDL-PPD) was measured by non-denaturating polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PAGGE). Presence of the MS was determined according to the definition of the NCEP-ATPIII. RESULTS: Circulating ox-LDL concentrations were significantly associated with some factors of the MS such as triglyceride (r=0.48; p<0.0001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.34; p=0.0001) and fasting plasma glucose concentrations (r=0.21; p=0.02). Ox-LDL concentrations were also associated with LDL cholesterol (r=0.54; p<0.0001), total cholesterol (r=0.48; p<0.0001), LDL apolipoprotein B (r=0.62; p<0.0001) and LDL-PPD (r=-0.18; p<0.05). Moreover, women with the MS had significantly higher ox-LDL concentrations (79.5+/-28.3 U/l) compared to women without the MS (64.2+/-19.9 U/l) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ox-LDL concentrations are associated with individual components of the MS and are significantly higher in postmenopausal women with MS compared to healthy postmenopausal women.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed2006

Effects of dietary factors on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles.

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) appear to play a significant role in atherogenesis. In fact, circulating ox-LDL concentrations have been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). A higher intake of some nutrients and specific food compounds such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and flavonoids have also been associated with a lower risk of CVD. These dietary factors could be associated to a lower risk of CVD through a reduction of the atherogenicity of LDL particles through limited oxidation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review human clinical studies that evaluated effects of dietary antioxidant vitamins, fatty acids (MUFA, PUFA) and specific flavonoid-rich foods on LDL particle oxidation and describe potential mechanisms by which dietary factors may prevent oxidation of LDL particles. Antioxidant vitamin supplements such as alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid as well as beta-carotene and fish-oil supplements have not been clearly demonstrated to prevent oxidation of LDL particles. Moreover, inconsistent documented effects of flavonoid-rich food such as olive oil, tea, red wine and soy on LDL particle oxidizability may be explained by difference in variety and quantity of flavonoid compounds used among studies. However, a healthy food pattern such as the Mediterranean diet, which includes a combination of antioxidant compounds and flavonoid-rich foods, appears effective to decrease LDL particle oxidizability, which may give some insight of the cardiovascular benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Favourable impact of low-calorie cranberry juice consumption on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in men.

A low HDL-cholesterol concentration is an independent risk factor for CVD. Studies have suggested that flavonoid consumption may be cardioprotective, and a favourable impact on circulating HDL-cholesterol concentrations has been suggested to partially explain this association. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of consuming increasing daily doses of low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) on the plasma lipid profile of abdominally obese men. For that purpose, thirty men (mean age 51 (SD 10) years) consumed increasing doses of CJC during three successive periods of 4 weeks (125 ml/d, 250 ml/d, 500 ml/d). Before the study and after each phase, we measured changes in physical and metabolic variables. We noted a significant increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration after the consumption of 250 ml CJC/d (+8.6+/-14.0% v. 0 ml CJC/d; P<0.01), an effect that plateaued during the last phase of the study (500 ml CJC/d: +8.1+/-10.0% v. 0 ml CJC/d; P<0.0001). Multivariate analyses revealed that changes in plasma apo A-I (R(2)=48%, P<0.0001) and triacylglycerol (R(2)=16%, P<0.005) concentrations were the only variables significantly contributing to the variation in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration noted in response to the intervention. No variation was observed in total as well as in LDL and VLDL cholesterol. The present results show that daily CJC consumption is associated with an increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in abdominally obese men. We hypothesise that polyphenolic compounds from cranberries may be responsible for this effect, supporting the notion that the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods can be cardioprotective.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Psychobiological impact of a progressive weight loss program in obese men.

Psychobiological effects associated with a progressive body weight loss may help to improve the understanding of psychological barriers to weight loss. We hypothesized that a moderate body weight loss (about 10% of initial body weight) is accompanied with some negative psychological impact. Four questionnaires [SF-36 Health Survey, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)] were administered at each phase of a body weight loss program that consisted of a supervised diet and exercise clinical intervention to 11 obese men (mean BMI = 33.4 kg/m(2), mean age = 38 yr). The three phases investigated were: 1) at the beginning of the intervention (baseline); 2) after 5 +/- 1 kg body weight loss (Phase 1); and 3) after 10 +/- 1 kg body weight loss (Phase 2). Using the SF-36 Health Survey, physical and mental health were shown to be significantly improved at Phase 1 (p < 0.05). The TFEQ showed that cognitive dietary restraint increased (p < 0.001), and both disinhibition (p < 0.05) and susceptibility to hunger (p < 0.05) were significantly reduced at both Phase 1 and 2 compared to baseline. Depression as measured by the BDI significantly increased at Phase 2 (p < 0.05) compared to baseline and Phase 1. However, the mean BDI scores observed remained below the cut-off point for likely clinical significance. Finally, the PSQI showed that sleep quality was significantly improved at Phase 1 compared to baseline (p < 0.01). Altogether, these results suggest that a substantial improvement in the psychobiological profile occurs with a 5-kg weight loss (Phase 1) but that with additional weight loss (Phase 2) a small, but significant increase in depression occurred and seems to be associated with the increase in rigid restraint of eating. However, prospective studies with a larger sample are needed to confirm and deepen these results.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relation of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and fibrinogen to abdominal adipose tissue, blood pressure, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels in healthy postmenopausal women.

The associations of inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and fibrinogen) with anthropometric and metabolic variables were examined in a sample of 112 postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy. Body fat distribution was measured by computed tomography, and insulin sensitivity was determined by an euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. hs-CRP (0.10 < or = r(2) < or =0.37) and IL-6 (0.06 < or = r(2) < or =0.31) were significantly associated with anthropometric and metabolic variables, including visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and insulin sensitivity (p <0.05). Women with greater hs-CRP concentrations showed deterioration in their metabolic risk profiles, including abdominal obesity, greater triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations, and lower insulin sensitivity compared with women with lower hs-CRP levels. Fifty-nine percent of women with high hs-CRP concentrations had the metabolic syndrome as recently defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. After adjustment for visceral adipose tissue, most of the differences in the plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile were eliminated between women with high hs-CRP levels and women with low hs-CRP levels, whereas some differences in blood pressure variables, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers (IL-6 and fibrinogen) remained significant. In conclusion, these results suggest that increased visceral adipose tissue levels appear to be a determinant covariable of the association between high hs-CRP concentrations and alteration in the metabolic profile.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Familial resemblance in eating behaviors in men and women from the Quebec Family Study.

OBJECTIVE: It is commonly recognized that genetic, environmental, behavioral, and social factors are involved in the development of obesity. The family environment may play a key role in shaping children's eating behaviors. The purpose of this study was to estimate the degree of familial resemblance in eating behavioral traits (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Eating behavioral traits were assessed with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire in 282 men and 402 women (202 families) from the Quebec Family Study. Familial resemblance for each trait (adjusted for age, sex, and BMI) was investigated using a familial correlation model. RESULTS: The pattern of familial correlation showed significant spouse correlation for the three eating behavior phenotypes, as well as significant parent-offspring and sibling correlations for disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger. According to the most parsimonious model, generalized heritability estimates (including genetic and shared familial environmental effects) reached 6%, 18%, and 28% for cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger, respectively. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that there is a significant familial component to eating behavioral traits but that the additive genetic component appears to be small, with generalized heritability estimates ranging from 6% to 28%. Thus, non-familial environmental factors and gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions seem to be the major determinants of the eating/behavioral traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Leu162Val polymorphism influences the metabolic response to a dietary intervention altering fatty acid proportions in healthy men.

BACKGROUND: Serum lipid responses to dietary modification are partly determined by genetic factors. OBJECTIVE: We tested whether plasma lipoprotein and lipid responsiveness to a modification in the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P:S) is influenced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) Leu162Val polymorphism in healthy men. DESIGN: Ten carriers of the V162 allele and 10 L162 homozygotes were matched according to age and body mass index (BMI). During the protocol, all subjects followed the National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet, but intake of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was adjusted to obtain a P:S of 0.3 for the first 4-wk period (low-P:S diet) and a P:S of 1.0 for the next 4-wk period (high-P:S diet). RESULTS: At screening, the PPARalpha Leu162Val polymorphism was not associated with anthropometric indexes or plasma lipoprotein and lipid concentrations. After the high-P:S diet, a significant gene-by-diet interaction was observed for changes in plasma total cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, and cholesterol concentrations in small LDL particles (P <or= 0.05). Mean differences after the high-P:S diet were observed between genotype groups for plasma apo A-I concentrations (P<0.05). Changes in BMI, waist circumference, and concentrations of triacylglycerol, phospholipid, and apo B did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: The PPARalpha Leu162Val polymorphism may contribute to interindividual variability in plasma lipoprotein and lipid response after modification of the dietary P:S ratio.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern is associated with a decrease in circulating oxidized LDL particles in healthy women from the Québec City metropolitan area.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern under free-living conditions on circulating oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in a group of 71 healthy women from the Quebec City metropolitan area. The 12-wk nutritional intervention consisted of 2 courses on nutrition and 7 individual sessions with a dietitian. A score based on the 11 components of the Mediterranean pyramid was established to determine the women's adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern. Plasma ox-LDL concentrations were measured by a monoclonal antibody mAb-4E6-based competition ELISA. Among all women, plasma ox-LDL decreased by 11.3% after 12 wk of nutritional intervention (P < 0.0001) despite a lack of change in plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Also, an increase in the Mediterranean dietary score was significantly correlated with a decrease in ox-LDL concentrations (r = -0.30; P = 0.01). More specifically, increases in servings of fruits (r = -0.25; P < 0.05) and vegetables (r = -0.24; P < 0.05) were associated with decreases in ox-LDL concentrations. Changes in the food pattern in response to a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern were accompanied by beneficial effects in circulating ox-LDL concentrations in healthy women.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2005

Energy expenditure from physical activity and the metabolic risk profile at menopause.

PURPOSE: A sedentary lifestyle and visceral obesity are important risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and the development of cardiovascular disease, two conditions that are prevalent in women after menopause. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between daily energy expenditure from moderate to intense physical activity and several metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy (HT) and to verify whether these associations are independent of the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (AT). METHODS: Daily energy expenditure and frequency of participation in physical activity (kcal.kg(-1).15 min(-1)) were measured from a 3-d activity diary in 118 postmenopausal women (56 +/- 4 yr; 29 +/- 6 kg.m(-2)). Daily activities for each 15-min period during 24 h were categorized according to their intensity on a 1-9 scale. Category 1 indicated very low energy expenditure such as sleeping, and category 9 indicated very high energy expenditure such as running. Energy expenditure corresponding to categories 6-9 (EE6-9) was examined in relation to the metabolic risk profile. RESULTS: EE6-9 was negatively and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.22, P < 0.05) and visceral AT accumulation (r = -0.18, P < 0.05). Partial correlation analyses adjusted for visceral AT showed that EE6-9 was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), plasma concentrations of HDL-cholesterol (chol) (r = 0.23, P < 0.05), HDL2-chol (r = 0.22, P < 0.05), fasting glucose (r = -0.24, P < 0.05), and fasting C-peptide (r = -0.24, P = or <0.05). EE6-9 was also associated with insulin sensitivity as measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (r = 0.27, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Higher engagement in physical activity (EE6-9) is associated with a lower BMI and visceral AT accumulation and with a healthier metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, the associations between EE6-9 and some metabolic parameters appear to be independent of visceral AT accumulation.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Contribution of abdominal visceral obesity and insulin resistance to the cardiovascular risk profile of postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to determine the respective contribution of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation and insulin resistance (IR) to the determination of a comprehensive cardiovascular metabolic risk profile in 108 postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy. Insulin sensitivity (M/I) was determined by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and visceral AT area was measured by computed tomography. Median values of visceral AT (133.9 cm(2)) and insulin sensitivity (0.010189 mg . kg(-1) . min(-1) . pmol(-1)) were used to form four subgroups: 1) low visceral AT-low IR (n = 35), 2) low visceral AT-high IR (n = 19), 3) high visceral AT-low IR (n = 19), and 4) high visceral AT-high IR (n = 35). Women with isolated IR (low visceral AT and high IR) were characterized by significantly higher fasting and 2-h glycemia and higher fibrinogen, triglyceride, and VLDL-apolipoprotein (apo)B concentrations than women with low visceral AT and low IR (P < 0.05). The plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile and inflammatory markers were not significantly different between women with high visceral AT and low IR and women with low visceral AT and low IR. Women with high visceral AT and high IR had higher fasting and 2-h glycemia, triglyceride, and VLDL-apoB levels; lower apoAI and HDL(2) cholesterol levels; as well as higher C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 concentrations than women with low visceral AT and low IR (P < 0.05). In addition, 15 of the 35 women (42.9%) in the high visceral AT and high IR group were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, whereas no women were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the group of women with low visceral AT and low IR. These results show that although the presence of high IR in its isolated form is associated with some metabolic alterations, it is the combination of both high visceral AT and high IR that is the most detrimental for the metabolic health in postmenopausal women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Validity and reproducibility of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire for healthy French-Canadian men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity (study 1) and the reproducibility (study 2) of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). METHOD: The FFQ was designed at Laval University and contains 91 items and 33 subquestions. STUDY 1: The FFQ was compared against a 3-day food record (2 week-days and 1 weekend-day), at week 0, 6 and 12 of a nutritional intervention. STUDY 2: In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the FFQ, 2 registered dietitians administered the FFQ 4-weeks apart among subjects who were not part of the nutritional intervention. RESULTS: STUDY 1: Mean values for intake of most nutrients assessed by the FFQ and by the 3-day food record were not statistically different. Energy-adjusted correlation coefficients for major macronutrients ranged from 0.36 for proteins to 0.60 for carbohydrates (p < or = 0.01). Agreement analysis revealed that on average, 35% of the subjects were classified in the same quartile when nutrients were assessed by either the 3-day food record or the FFQ. STUDY 2: Significant associations were observed between dietary measurements derived from the two FFQs administered 4 weeks apart. Correlation coefficients for the reproducibility of macronutrients ranged from 0.66 for carbohydrates to 0.83 for lipids after energy adjustment. On average, 46% of the subjects were classified in the same quartile when nutrient intakes were assessed by either FFQ. CONCLUSION: These data indicated that the FFQ developed has a good validity and is reproducible.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Association between the PPARalpha-L162V polymorphism and components of the metabolic syndrome.

Genetic factors, alone or in interaction with components of the diet, are thought to be involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome. The objective of our study was first to compare the frequency of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha-L162V polymorphism in a sample of men with and without the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) guidelines, and secondly, to evaluate gene-diet interaction effects on features of the metabolic syndrome. The PPARalpha-L162V genotype was determined in a sample of 632 men by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)-based method; fat as well as saturated fat intakes were evaluated by a dietitian-administered food frequency questionnaire. The frequency of the V162 allele was similar in men with ( n=281) and without ( n=351) the metabolic syndrome ( chi(2)=0.03, p=0.84) but was higher in subjects having simultaneously abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels ( chi(2)=3.73, p=0.05). Carriers of the V162 were characterized by higher plasma apolipoprotein B and triglyceride (TG) levels ( p=0.10, p=0.004). In a model including the PPARalpha-L162V polymorphism, fat or saturated fat, its interaction, and covariates (smoking habits, and energy and alcohol intake), the interaction explained a significant percentage of the variance observed in waist circumference ( p<0.05). In conclusion, the PPARalpha-L162V polymorphism alone or in interaction with dietary fat intake is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Associations between the fatty acid content of triglyceride, visceral adipose tissue accumulation, and components of the insulin resistance syndrome.

Many factors are involved in the development of the insulin resistance syndrome, such as visceral obesity and the type of dietary fat. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between fatty acid content of triglyceride (TG), visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation, and metabolic components of the insulin resistance syndrome in a group of 97 Caucasian men with a mean age of 45.1 +/- 7.2 years (29 to 63 years). To reach these objectives, Spearman correlations, group comparisons, and stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed. The proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) in the TG fraction was positively associated with plasma fasting insulin (r =.25, P =.03), diastolic (r =.45, P <.001), and systolic (r =.29, P =.003) blood pressure. On the other hand, the proportion of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was associated negatively with apolipoprotein (apo) B (r = -.29, P =.005) and positively with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) diameter (r =.29, P =.007), while the proportion of gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) was associated negatively with plasma TG (r = -.33, P =.003), diastolic (r = -.29, P =.01), and systolic (r = -.35, P =.002) blood pressure and plasma fasting insulin (r = -.37, P =.0005) and positively with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)(2)-cholesterol (r =.27, P =.01) and LDL diameter (r =.25, P =.02). Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the contribution of visceral AT, body fat mass, and the fatty acid content of TG to the variance of metabolic variables studied. It was found that visceral AT contributed significantly to the variance in plasma TG (R(2) = 20.7%, P <.0001), apo B (R(2) = 9.0%, P =.007), HDL(2)-cholesterol (R(2) = 17.9%, P <.0001), LDL diameter (R(2) = 4.9%, P =.02), and area under the glucose curve (AUC-glucose) (R(2) = 8.2%, P =.006). On the other hand, body fat mass contributed significantly to the variance in fasting insulin (R(2) = 19.7%, P <.0001) and diastolic (R(2) = 6.8%, P =.007) and systolic (R(2) = 10.5%, P =.01) blood pressure. At least one fatty acid made a significant contribution to the variance of each metabolic variable studied. In fact, the proportion of 18:3n-6 contributed significantly to the variance in both TG (R(2) = 8.9%, P = 0.007) and HDL(2)-cholesterol (R(2) = 6.0%, P =.01). Moreover, 18:3n-3 contributed to the variance of apo B (R(2) = 7.0%, P =.02), while 18:3n-6 made the largest contribution to the variance of LDL diameter (R(2) = 7.6%, P =.02). Finally, 16:0 significantly contributed to the variance of AUC-glucose (R(2) = 11.4%, P =.0003), diastolic (R(2) = 25.2%, P <.0001), and systolic (R(2) = 6.8%, P =.002) blood pressure. In summary, results of this study suggest that the fatty acid content of TG is associated with many metabolic variables of the insulin resistance syndrome independently of body fat mass or visceral AT accumulation.

Adipose Tissue↗