Biomedical subjects

S Yang

Publications and source records attributed to S Yang.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Dendritic cells infected with a vaccinia vector carrying the human gp100 gene simultaneously present multiple specificities and elicit high-affinity T cells reactive to multiple epitopes and restricted by HLA-A2 and -A3.

To investigate the ability of human dendritic cells (DC) to process and present multiple epitopes from the gp100 melanoma tumor-associated Ags (TAA), DC from melanoma patients expressing HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 were pulsed with gp100-derived peptides G9154, G9209, or G9280 or were infected with a vaccinia vector (Vac-Pmel/gp100) containing the gene for gp100 and used to elicit CTL from autologous PBL. CTL were also generated after stimulation of PBL with autologous tumor. CTL induced with autologous tumor stimulation demonstrated HLA-A2-restricted, gp100-specific lysis of autologous and allogeneic tumors and no lysis of HLA-A3-expressing, gp100+ target cells. CTL generated by G9154, G9209, or G9280 peptide-pulsed, DC-lysed, HLA-A2-matched EBV transformed B cells pulsed with the corresponding peptide. CTL generated by Vac-Pmel/gp100-infected DC (DC/Pmel) lysed HLA-A2- or HLA-A3-matched B cell lines pulsed with the HLA-A2-restricted G9154, G9209, or G9280 or with the HLA-A3-restricted G917 peptide derived from gp100. Furthermore, these DC/Pmel-induced CTL demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against allogeneic HLA-A2- or HLA-A3-matched gp100+ melanoma cells and autologous tumor. We conclude that DC-expressing TAA present multiple gp100 epitopes in the context of multiple HLA class I-restricting alleles and elicit CTL that recognize multiple gp100-derived peptides in the context of multiple HLA class I alleles. The data suggest that for tumor immunotherapy, genetically modified DC that express an entire TAA may present the full array of possible CTL epitopes in the context of all possible HLA alleles and may be superior to DC pulsed with limited numbers of defined peptides.

Antigen Presentation↗

PubMed2000

In vitro priming with adenovirus/gp100 antigen-transduced dendritic cells reveals the epitope specificity of HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cells in patients with melanoma.

Replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus (Ad) encoding human gp100 or MART-1 melanoma Ag was used to transduce human dendritic cells (DC) ex vivo as a model system for cancer vaccine therapy. A second generation E1/E4 region deleted Ad which harbors the CMV immediate-early promoter/enhancer and a unique E4-ORF6/pIX chimeric gene was employed as the backbone vector. We demonstrate that human monocyte-derived DC are permissive to Ad infection at multiplicity of infection between 100 and 500 and occurs independent of the coxsackie Ad receptor. Fluorescent-labeled Ad was used to assess the kinetics and distribution of viral vector within DC. Ad-transduced DC show peak transgene expression at 24-48 h and expression remains detectable for at least 7 days. DC transduced with replication-deficient Ad do not exhibit any unusual phenotypic characteristics or cytopathic effects. DC transduced with Ad2/gp100v2 can elicit tumor-specific CTL in vitro from patients bearing gp100+ metastatic melanoma. Using a panel of gp100-derived synthetic peptides, we show that Ad2/gp100v2-transduced DC elicit Ag-specific CTL that recognize only the G209 and G280 epitopes, both of which display relatively short half-lives ( approximately 7-8 h) on the surface of HLA-A*0201+ cells. Thus, patients with metastatic melanoma are not tolerant to gp100 Ag based on the detection of CD8+ T cells specific for multiple HLA-A*0201-restricted, gp100-derived epitopes.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed2000

Preparation and Characterization of Stearate-Capped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.

The preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles capped with stearate by sol-gel methods is presented in this paper. The nanoparticles are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Existence of the organic layer can be confirmed by the results of characterizations, which also indicate that the inorganic nuclei and organic surface layer are linked with chemical bonds. The nanoparticles are poorly crystallized based on the X-ray diffraction pattern. The mechanism of formation of the organo-capped nanoparticles is proposed to be competitive reactions between water and stearic acid, which is similar to a polymerization and inhibition processes. A structural model for organo-capped nanoparticles is also proposed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Experimental infection of nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) in rhesus monkey.

Virus fragments homologous to TTV were detected previously from an enterically transmitted outbreak of non-A-E hepatitis [Luo et al., 1999]. To test the susceptibility of the Rhesus monkey to this virus and to establish its transmission routes, 6 Rhesus monkeys were inoculated, 3 orally and another 3 intravenously. The inoculum was prepared by extracting and filtering feces collected from a patient during the incubation period identified in the described outbreak. A second group of 3 monkeys was used for the passage study. The feces and blood samples were collected for detection of the virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four animals were subjected to liver biopsies and bile aspiration by open surgery for in situ virus detection. Viremia occurred in 4-7 days after intravenous and 7-10 days after oral inoculation. The virus was excreted in feces a few days after oral infection and simultaneously with viremia after intravenous inoculation. The virus was also detected in bile during the viremic phase. There was a prolonged carrier state with persistent viremia and virus excretion in feces for more than 6 months. Serum transaminase levels were not raised during the infection. The virus was present in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of hepatocytes, but no significant pathology was found. Therefore, the Rhesus monkey is susceptible to TT virus infection, but the virus seems nonpathogenic. Infection of the liver may be established either by oral or parenteral inoculation. The virus may be released from liver into the blood or via bile into feces, so it may be transmitted by both blood and fecal routes.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2000

Quantitative gadopentetate-enhanced MRI of breast tumors: testing of different analytic methods.

This study assessed several proposed imaging strategies and analytic methods based on gadopentetate-enhanced MRI to differentiate benign from malignant breast tumors in a blinded experimental animal study. Steady-state dynamic MRI and first-pass imaging, performed with either T(1)- or T*(2)- weighted sequences, were compared. Semiquantitative and quantitative analysis methods, based on empirical measures of the data or physiological models, were subsequently applied to the imaging datasets. Comparative measures provided pathologic distinction of benign from malignant tumors, tumor grading, and histologic determination of microvascular density. Of the eight tested methods, only one, an estimate of first-pass perfusion using T *(2)-weighted imaging, showed an almost significant (P = 0.05) difference between benign and malignant tumors and correlated almost significantly (r =.3, P = 0.06) with the tumor grade. All other tests, performed either with steady-state imaging or with T(1)-weighted first-pass imaging, failed to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. In addition, they yielded poor correlations with tumor grade and microvascular density.

Alkylating Agents↗

PubMed2000

Altered hepatic lymphocyte subpopulations in obesity-related murine fatty livers: potential mechanism for sensitization to liver damage.

Although obesity-related fatty livers are vulnerable to damage from endotoxin, the mechanisms involved remain obscure. The purpose of this study was to determine if immunologic priming might be involved by determining if fatty livers resemble normal livers that have been sensitized to endotoxin damage by Propionibacterium acnes infection. The latter induces interleukin (IL)-12 and -18, causing a selective reduction of CD4+NK T cells, diminished IL-4 production, deficient production of T-helper type 2 (Th-2) cytokines (e.g., IL-10), and excessive production of Th-1 cytokines (e.g., interferon gamma [IFN-gamma]). Liver and spleen lymphocyte populations and hepatic cytokine production were compared in genetically obese, ob/ob mice (a model for obesity-related fatty liver) and lean mice. Obese mice have a selective reduction of hepatic CD4+NK T cells. Serum IL-18 is also increased basally, and the hepatic mRNA levels of IL-18 and -12 are greater after endotoxin challenge. Thus, up-regulation of IL-18 and IL-12 in fatty livers may reduce hepatic CD4+NK T cells. In addition, mononuclear cells from fatty livers have decreased expression of the adhesion molecule, leukocyte factor antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is necessary for the hepatic accumulation of CD4+NK T cells. Consistent with reduced numbers of hepatic CD4+NK T cells, mononuclear cells from fatty livers produce less IL-4. Furthermore, after endotoxin treatment, hepatic induction of IL-10 is inhibited, while that of IFN-gamma is enhanced. Thus, fatty livers have inherent immunologic alterations that may predispose them to damage from endotoxin and other insults that induce a proinflammatory cytokine response.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Intensity Measurements and Collision-Broadening Coefficients for the Oxygen A Band Measured by Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy.

High-sensitivity, high-resolution intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) has been used to measure line intensities, nitrogen-broadening coefficients, and self-broadening coefficients in the A band (b(1)Sigma(+)(g) <-- X(3)Sigma(-)(g)) of oxygen. Both linear cavity and ring cavity ICLAS configurations were used for these measurements, and the results were intercompared. The results were compared to values measured using long-path multiple-reflection cells by K. D. Ritter and T. D. Wilkinson [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 121, 1-19 (1987)] and L. Brown and C. Plymate, [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 199, 166-179 (2000)]. New results are included for weakly absorbing transitions, not observed in the earlier measurements, such as high rotational states (up to J = 39), hot-band transitions (v' = 1 <-- v" = 1), and isotopically substituted species ((18)O(2) and (16)O(18)O). Isotopic variants ((16)O(2), (18)O(2), and (16)O(18)O) have similar broadening coefficients for corresponding rotational levels, but the self-broadening coefficients are larger in the hot band (v' = v" = 1) as compared with v' = v" = 0 transitions. An ECS-EP scaling analysis of the v' = v" = 0 self-broadening data accurately represents the available data, with the exception of the N = 0 and N = 1 levels. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

The important role of the gut in initiating the hyperdynamic response during early sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Although the initial response to sepsis includes a hyperdynamic phase and although the increased hepatic perfusion in early sepsis is due solely to the increased portal blood flow, it remains unknown whether the gut plays an important role in producing such a response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a complete enterectomy (ER) before being subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; the cecum was excised from the removed gut and stitched to the posterior peritoneum in ER groups) or sham operation. At 2 h after CLP (i.e., the early, hyperdynamic phase of sepsis), cardiac output and heart performance (+/-dP/dt(max)), as well as hepatic and renal blood flow, were measured. Systemic and regional oxygen delivery (DO(2)) and oxygen consumption (VO(2)) were also determined. RESULTS: Cardiac output, heart performance, organ blood flow, as well as DO(2) and VO(2), increased significantly 2 h after CLP. ER prior to the onset of sepsis, however, prevented the elevation of those parameters. ER in sham animals did not alter the measured parameters with the exception that portal blood flow decreased by 85% and hepatic arterial blood flow increased by 368%, resulting in no significant reduction in hepatic DO(2) and VO(2). There were no changes in circulating blood volume among groups, indicating that the effect of ER on hemodynamics after CLP was not due to alterations in blood volume. CONCLUSION: Since ER immediately before the onset of sepsis prevents the increase in cardiac output and regional hemodynamics, the gut appears to play an important role in producing the hyperdynamic response during the early stage of polymicrobial sepsis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A retrospective analysis of the gluteal muscles contracture and discussion of the relative problems.

The operation methods, clinical classification, postoperative function exercise of gluteal muscles contracture were investigated. Clinically and retrospectively, treatment of 1280 patients with gluteal muscles contracture, being subjected to a "Z-shaped" release lengthening operation and efficiency exercise, was clearly standardized. All the cases were followed up from 3 months to 2 years with the effective rate being 100%, the cure rate being 98.5%, the recent complications being 5%, and the far complications being 0.2%. It was concluded that the clear diagnosis combined with standarized operation and efficiency functional exercise could greatly improve the therapeutic effects of gluteal muscles contracture.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cigarette smoking is associated with augmented progression of renal insufficiency in severe essential hypertension.

Hypertension-associated renal disease is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States, but its risk factors remain incompletely defined. Identification and correction of amendable ESRD risk factors among patients with essential hypertension could reduce ESRD prevalence. Patients referred by their primary care physician for hypertension management to an academic nephrology clinic during calendar year 1995 were followed up prospectively. Studied patients had no evidence of secondary hypertension, diabetes, or primary renal disease. All were treated pharmacologically toward a target mean blood pressure (MBP) of 100 mm Hg or less. The course of renal function during follow-up was assessed as the slope of the reciprocal of plasma creatinine concentration (1/P(cr)) plotted against months of follow-up and as the change in calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in milliliters per minute per month. The following patient characteristics were prospectively examined as possible predictive factors for altered renal function: age, sex, ethnicity, initial MBP, initial P(cr) level, initial level of urine protein excretion, and smoking status. Fifty-three patients were enrolled, and follow-up data were available for 51 patients after a mean follow-up of 35.5 months. Despite MBP reduction from 126.8 +/- 1.3 to 96.5 +/- 1.1 mm Hg (P < 0.0001), P(cr) level increased from 1.5 +/- 0.1 to 1.9 +/- 0. 2 mg/dL (P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that smoking, greater initial P(cr) level, and black ethnicity were the only examined parameters that independently predicted both a decrease in the 1/P(cr) slope and calculated GFR with at least 95% confidence. Smoking was by far the most powerful of the examined factors, with initial P(cr) and ethnicity being much less predictive. These studies show for the first time that smoking is an independent risk factor for renal function decline in patients with severe essential hypertension.

Creatinine↗

PubMed2000

Construction and selection of the novel recombinant Escherichia coli strain for poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) production.

Heterogeneous cloning of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb), lytic genes of phage lambda with S amber mutation (S(-)RRz) and PHB biosynthetic genes (phbCAB) in the same host strain E. coli JM105 was carried out for production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). A superior novel strain, VG1 (pTU14), was constructed and selected, which contained the vgb gene in the chromosomal DNA and the plasmid pTU14 containing S(-)RRz and phbCAB genes. When cultured in 100 ml of LBG medium in a 300-ml flask, all of the exogenous genes in VG1 (pTU14) were expressed. The cell concentration of VG1 (pTU14) grown by batch culture in a flask reached 10.2 gl(-1); PHB concentration, PHB content and PHB yield, which is the ratio of the PHB accumulation to the glucose consumption, were 8.54 gl(-1), 84% and 0.43 gg(-1), respectively. When cultured by batch-feeding of glucose in a 300-ml shaking flask, the cell concentration and PHB content reached 26 gl(-1) and over 96%, respectively.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/transcription factor (AhR) and AhR-regulated CYP1 gene transcripts in a rat model of mammary tumorigenesis.

Exposure to ubiquitous environmental chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), may contribute to human breast cancer. In animals, PAH induce tumors in part by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/transcription factor. Historically, investigations into AhR-regulated carcinogenesis have focused on AhR-dependent transcriptional regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes which oxidize PAH to mutagenic intermediates. However, recent studies suggest that the AhR directly regulates cell growth. Given the postulated role of the AhR in carcinogenesis, we predicted that: (1) tissue predisposed to PAH tumorigenesis would express the AhR and (2) aberrant AhR and/or AhR-regulated gene expression would accompany malignant transformation. To test these hypotheses, AhR and CYP1 protein and/or mRNA levels were evaluated in rat mammary tumors induced with 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a prototypic PAH and AhR ligand. Results indicate modest AhR expression in normal mammary myoepithelial and ductal epithelial cells. In contrast, high AhR levels were detected in DMBA-induced tumors. Nuclear AhR localization in tumors suggested constitutive AhR activation. In situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR assays indicated high AhR mRNA levels in neoplastic epithelial cells. While both AhR-regulated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNAs were induced in breast tissue within 6 h of DMBA gavage, only CYP1B1 mRNA remained elevated in tumors. These results: (1) help explain targeting of breast tissue by carcinogenic PAH, (2) imply that AhR and CYP1B1 hyper-expression represent molecular biomarkers for, at least, PAH-induced mammary cell transformation, and (3) suggest mechanisms through which the AhR may contribute to carcinogenesis well after exogenous AhR ligands have been eliminated.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2000

Genetic aberration in primary hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between p53 gene mutation and loss-of-heterozygosity on chromosome 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23.

To elucidate the molecular pathology underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we used 41 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine 55 HCC and corresponding non-tumor liver tissues on chromosome 9, 16 and 17. Loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) is observed with high frequency on chromosomal region 17p13 (36/55, 65%), 9p21-p23 (28/55, 51%), 16q21-q23 (27/55, 49%) in tumors. Meanwhile, microsatellite instability is rarely found in these microsatellite loci. Direct sequencing was performed to detect the tentative mutation of tumor suppressor genes in these regions: p53, MTS1/p16, and CDH1/E-cadherin. Within exon 5-9 of p53 gene, 14 out of 55 HCC specimens (24%) have somatic mutations, and nucleotide deletion of this gene is reported in HCC for the first time. Mutation in MTS1/p16 is found only in one tumor case. We do not find mutations in CDH1/E-cadherin. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation is present between p53 gene mutation and loss of chromosome region 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23, which indicates that synergism between p53 inactivation and deletion of 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HCC.

Cadherins↗

PubMed2000

LC-NMR: a new tool to expedite the dereplication and identification of natural products.

The rapid identification of known or undesirable compounds from natural products extracts - "dereplication" - is an important step in an efficiently run natural products discovery program. Dereplication strategies use analytical techniques and database searching to determine the identity of an active compound at the earliest possible stage in the discovery process. In the past few years, advances in technology have allowed the development of tandem analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), LC-MS-MS, liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR), and LC-NMR-MS. LC-NMR, despite its lower sensitivity as compared to LC-MS, provides a powerful tool for rapid identification of known compounds and identification of structure classes of novel compounds. LC-NMR is especially useful in instances where the data from LC-MS are incomplete or do not allow confident identification of the active component of a sample. LC-NMR has been used to identify the marine alkaloid aaptamine as the active component in an extract of the sponge Aaptos sp. This extract had been identified as an enzyme inhibitor by a high throughput screening (HTS) effort. Isolated aaptamine exhibited an IC(50)=120 µM against this enzyme. Strategies for the identification of aaptamine and for the use of LC-NMR in a natural products HTS program are discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Photoelectron spectroscopy of ammonia via a fast predissociative state

We report a study on resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization photoelectron spectroscopy (REMPI-PES) involving the fast predissociative A state of ammonia, using nano- and femtosecond lasers. The multiphoton scheme involves (1 + 1), (2 + 2), (2 + 2) + 1 and (2 + 2) + 2 photon processes. We have found a progression of stretching vibrations v1 in the PE spectrum when pumping NH3 A v2 = 0, 1 and 3 as intermediate states. The stretching vibration intensity distributions in the photoelectron spectrum are calculated by using the Chebychev method of the wavepacket propagation. The femtosecond spectrum shows a similar feature to the nanosecond spectrum. However, high laser power also causes band broadening and shifting effect as well as above threshold multiphoton ionization.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

A single measurement of CD38CD8 cells in HIV+, long-term surviving injecting drug users distinguishes those who will progress to AIDS from those who will remain stable.

This study compares the predictive power of a single measurement of CD8+CD38+, CD8+CD45RO+ or CD8+CD38+CD45RO+ subpopulations in predicting progression to AIDS in a cohort of HIV+ long-term surviving injecting drug users. The results showed that both the total CD8+ percentage, and the CD8+CD38+ and CD8+CD38+CD45RO+ subpopulations of cells all individually predicted progression to AIDS. In combination with CD4, only the CD8+CD38+ subpopulation enhanced the predictive power of the CD4 percentage alone. The CD8+ percentage correlated negatively with the CD4 percentage and the CD8+CD45RO+ subpopulation did not predict disease progression. The proportion of CD8+CD38+ cells identified which patients with a moderate CD4 level were more likely to progress to AIDS, and conversely, which patients with a low CD4 count were likely to remain clinically stable. The results were consistent irrespective of whether time was measured from the date of seroconversion, or from the date of the test. This study is the first to measure these markers in HIV-infected injecting drug users, and in long-term survivors. The results demonstrate the considerable added value of the CD8+CD38+ cell percentage over the CD4 count alone, in predicting HIV clinical progression.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗

PubMed2000

IFN-gamma enhances osteoclast generation in cultures of peripheral blood from osteopetrotic patients and normalizes superoxide production.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment increases osteoclastic bone resorption in vivo in patients with malignant osteopetrosis (OP). The treatment effect was studied in vitro in osteoclasts generated by culturing peripheral white blood cells (PWBC) from OP patients and normal human control subjects. Osteoclasts were treated with or without IFN-gamma prior to the end of the culture period. Osteoclasts from normal subjects were large in size (161 +/- 18 microm in diameter) with >10 nuclei per osteoclast. These cells showed intense staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), expressed abundant calcitonin receptors (CTR), and formed numerous resorption pits on bovine bone slices, indicative of authentic osteoclasts. In contrast, similarly cultured osteoclasts from OP patients were smaller in size (18 +/- 3 microm in diameter), with 2-3 nuclei per osteoclast, and stained lightly for TRAP. However, IFN-gamma treatment of osteoclasts from OP patients resulted in the formation of larger osteoclasts (171 +/- 33 microm in diameter) with >10 nuclei per cell, similar in appearance to osteoclasts from normal subjects. IFN-gamma stimulation increased the intensity of TRAP staining (p < 0.0001) to levels near that of the normal osteoclasts. Unstimulated osteoclasts from 6 OP patients had a significantly lower baseline level of superoxide production, as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (p < 0.0001), compared with normal osteoclasts. IFN-gamma markedly increased (p < 0.0001) superoxide production. Whereas there was a 3-fold increase in superoxide generation in OP patients' osteoclasts, osteoclasts from control subjects had only a small and insignificant increase in superoxide production after IFN-gamma treatment.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2000

Canine interleukin-13: molecular cloning of full-length cDNA and expression of biologically active recombinant protein.

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) regulates immune responses mediated by type 2 T helper lymphocytes (Th2) in the human and mouse. To study the function of this cytokine in the dog, we have isolated a cDNA that encodes the full-length canine IL-13 (CaIL-13) precursor polypeptide of 131 amino acids. CaIL-13 shares significant homology with the IL-13 amino acid sequences of cattle (54.1%), mouse (39.6%), and rat (36.6%) but shares the highest identity with human IL-13 (HuIL-13) (61.8%). The predicted CaIL-13 mature polypeptide of 111 residues was expressed in bacteria, and recombinant CaIL-13 (rCaIL-13) was isolated from inclusion bodies and refolded. rCaIL-13 stimulated the proliferation of TF-1 cells, which are derived from human erythroleukemia cells and respond to IL-13 as well as to a number of other human and murine cytokines. CaIL-13 mRNA was readily detectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in cells from lymph nodes and peripheral blood. The gene sequence and biologically active recombinant protein for CaIL-13 will be useful reagents to determine the role of IL-13 in the regulation of canine immune responses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗