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Biomedical subjects

S Williams

Publications and source records attributed to S Williams.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Prevalence in a large sample from the general population.

We investigated the prevalence of DSM-III disorders in 792 children aged 11 years from the general population and found an overall prevalence of disorder of 17.6% with a sex ratio (boys-girls) of 1.7:1. The most prevalent disorders were attention deficit, oppositional, and separation anxiety disorders, and the least prevalent were depression and social phobia. Conduct disorder, overanxious disorder, and simple phobia had intermediate prevalences. Pervasive disorders, reported by more than one source, had an overall prevalence of 7.3%. Examination of background behavioral data disclosed that children identified at 11 years as having multiple disorders had a history of behavior problems since 5 years of age on parent and teacher reports. Fifty-five percent of the disorders occurred in combination with one or more other disorders, and 45% as a single disorder.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1987

Rat brain microvessel extracellular matrix modulates the phenotype of cultured rat type 1 astroglia.

Astroglia from immature rat cerebral white matter which were plated on the insoluble extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by rat cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (RCMEC) and maintained in a defined medium were induced to become stellate and to express glutamine synthetase. These effects were not elicited by RCMEC-conditioned medium. ECM secreted by rat pleural mesothelium elicited a lesser proportion of stellate astroglia and did not induce glutamine synthetase.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Phase III comparison of cisplatin alone versus cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of bladder (urothelial) cancer: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial.

A prospective randomized trial compared cisplatin alone versus cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the bladder, ureter and renal pelvis. Objective responses were noted in 7 of 45 patients (16 per cent) given cisplatin alone and in 9 of 42 (21 per cent) treated with the combination. There was no significant difference in response rate, response duration or survival but the combination was more toxic. Other combination regimens should be evaluated.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Correlation of computerized tomographic changes and histological findings in 80 patients having radical retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy for testis cancer.

A total of 80 patients with stage B3 or B2/C germ cell testis tumors underwent computerized tomography before and after chemotherapy. The volume and computerized tomographic density of metastatic retroperitoneal tumor were measured on all scans. The patients then underwent full bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. The change in volume and density of retroperitoneal disease was correlated with the histological type of the primary testis tumor and with the histological findings at retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. In all 15 patients (100 per cent) without teratomatous elements in the original tumor and who had a greater than 90 per cent decrease in the volume of retroperitoneal masses as a response to systemic chemotherapy no teratoma or active cancer was found in the surgical specimen. In contrast, 7 of 9 patients (78 per cent) with teratomatous elements in the original specimen had either teratoma or carcinoma in the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy specimens despite having a greater than 90 per cent decrease in tumor volume. This difference was significant (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that patients with no teratomatous elements in the original specimen and a greater than 90 per cent decrease in the volume of retroperitoneal masses in response to chemotherapy can be observed carefully for signs of recurrence rather than undergoing post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1987

Alteration in cerebral perfusion: clinical concept or nursing diagnosis?

Nursing diagnosis was introduced into the neuroscience intensive care unit (NSICU) of the Medical College of Virginia in 1984 as a framework for naming the problems nurses treat. During this process, there was concern about using nursing diagnosis terminology to describe common NSICU problems. Of particular concern was increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The staff concluded that "alteration in cerebral perfusion" was the nursing diagnosis from the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) list that best described the patient with increased ICP. A descriptive study of patients who received this nursing diagnosis in our NSICU was designed and implemented one year later. This study identified patient characteristics and independent and interdependent nursing interventions.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1987

Giant breast tumours of adolescence.

The giant breast tumour of adolescence is rare in Caucasians. Six cases seen over 10 years are reported to illustrate diagnostic problems and highlight the importance of conservative management. Malignancy may be suspected because of rapid growth and skin ulceration. Conversely, the lesion may be considered to be no more than asymmetrical breast development or virginal hypertrophy. Clinical management problems have arisen because of confusion between fibroadenoma and the term cystosarcoma phylloides, previously used for tumours seen in older patients. The histological distinction between giant fibroadenoma and phylloides tumour has important clinical implications in older age groups. These implications do not apply to Caucasian adolescents in whom these tumours have a wide spectrum of histological appearances but uniformly benign clinical behaviour. Giant fibroadenoma of adolescence is a satisfactory designation and simple enucleation a satisfactory treatment, irrespective of the histological appearance.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1987

A longitudinal study of children with developmental language delay at age three: later intelligence, reading and behaviour problems.

A large sample of Dunedin (New Zealand) children were assessed at age three to identify those with language delay. 2.6 per cent were defined as delayed in verbal comprehension only, 2.3 per cent as delayed in verbal expression only, and 2.3 per cent as delayed in both ('general language delay'). Most of these children, and the remainder of the sample, were assessed for intelligence, reading and behaviour problems at ages seven, nine and 11. Those in every language-delay group had significantly lower mean IQs and lower mean reading scores than the remainder of the sample. They also more often had a low IQ or a lower reading score at ages seven and nine and a lower Verbal and Full-scale IQ at 11. The groups with delayed verbal comprehension and general language delay had significantly more behaviour problems than the remainder of the sample. The group with general language delay was consistently the most disadvantaged in later intelligence, reading and behaviour. Two of the language-delay groups (comprehension and general language) had significantly higher scores on a family disadvantage index. The results of this study confirm the importance of early language delay as a predictor of lower than average intelligence and reading ability and increased behaviour problems.

Child↗
PubMed1987

The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of macrophages.

This study characterizes two- and three-dimensional ultrastructure and surface topography of polymerized networks of intermediate filaments (IF) isolated from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Isolated IF bound to monoclonal anti-IF antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Immunogold labeling of IF with specific antibodies revealed that epitopes are distributed along filaments particularly at junctions where filaments interconnect. Networks of IF, viewed by scanning electron microscopy, organized as ropelike groups of interconnecting filaments which swirl and encircle each other to form three-dimensional lattices containing ellipsoidal-, circular-, and vacuole-shaped cavities. Cavity diameters were similar in size to organelles and vacuoles; diameters were grouped as small (12-288 nm), medium (0.3-1.7 micron), and large (2-3 micron). The walls of the cavities appeared as beaded structures with alternating globular and linear regions. Linear regions were 14 nm. Repeat distances taken from the central axis of globular regions were 23-27 nm. The lattice organization of IF observed in vitro was similar to images seen in vivo in Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons immunofluorescently labeled with specific antibodies. In whole cells processed for TEM, swirling bundles of IF were found encircling membranous vacuoles. Based on the lattice architecture of IF, cavity dimensions, and IF location, we postulate that intermediate filaments may function in the mechanical and spatial distribution of vacuoles in the cell cytoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Do cardiologists have higher thresholds for recommending coronary arteriography than family physicians?

The purpose of this study was to use a new model of decision making to understand variability in physicians' utilization of diagnostic tests. We studied physicians' recommendations for coronary arteriography in hypothetical patients with chest pain by analyzing responses of 235 cardiologists and family physicians. Thresholds for testing were derived by obtaining estimates of the probability of disease and recommendations for coronary arteriography before and after an exercise test. We found that cardiologists compared with family practitioners had a significantly higher decision threshold and recommended coronary arteriography in fewer patients. These findings suggest that analyzing physicians' decision-making thresholds may be used to characterize differences in the practice behavior of groups of physicians.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1986

Prophylactic tocainide or lidocaine in acute myocardial infarction.

Twenty-nine patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied in a randomized double-blind trial of intravenous lidocaine and tocainide, followed by either oral tocainide or placebo without regard to previous therapy, for the prophylaxis of arrhythmias associated with acute infarction. No patient had symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, although 1 patient taking lidocaine was withdrawn from therapy because of breakthrough arrhythmias. One patient in each group died from mechanical complications of AMI. Tocainide was administered to 16 patients and lidocaine to 13. Seven of the 13 patients receiving lidocaine had ventricular tachycardia or accelerated idioventricular rhythm, compared with 2 of 16 receiving tocainide (p less than 0.05). Adverse effects were noted in 11 of the 13 patients receiving lidocaine and 6 of the 16 patients receiving tocainide. The infusions used provided therapeutic levels of lidocaine or tocainide and the transition to oral tocainide was accomplished safely with maintenance of therapeutic antiarrhythmic levels. Thus, tocainide appears to be at least as efficacious and may be safer than lidocaine for the prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias associated with AMI. The transition to oral tocainide is well tolerated and can be accomplished with minimal difficulty.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive correlates of depressive symptoms in 11-year-old children.

Self-reports of depressive symptoms were obtained for 792 11-year-old New Zealand children using a structured interview. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that depressive symptomatology in children is associated with impairment on cognitive tasks. The results did not support this hypothesis. Depression was unrelated to performance on various subscales of the WISC-R, whereas self-reported inattention was associated with poor performance. Depressive symptoms, however, were significantly related to lower self-esteem and a poorer self-perception of scholastic ability.

Aptitude↗