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Biomedical subjects

S Wessely

Publications and source records attributed to S Wessely.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The rise of counselling and the return of alienism.

Current services for those with mental disorders show two trends. Psychiatric services are becoming concentrated on the care of those with "severe mental illness," largely (but unjustifiably) synonymous with chronic psychosis. The retreat of psychiatry from the care of those with non-psychotic mental disorders has helped the growth of counselling services for these patients. However, there is no evidence that non-directive counselling is effective for such disorders, in contrast to the evidence for the effectiveness of other treatments that are usually delivered by psychologists or community psychiatric nurses. By retreating from the concerns of general practice and general medicine, psychiatry is returning to the days of alienism: in Victorian terms, the care of "the mad." Possible consequences include increasing expectations of psychiatric services that cannot be met, a loss of skills within psychiatry, and increased demoralisation in the mental health services.

Counseling↗
PubMed1996

The incidence of mania: time trends in relation to gender and ethnicity.

In order to investigate conflicting reports about possible changes in the incidence of mania, we established first contact rates for mania in the defined area of Camberwell between 1965 and 1984. There was some evidence for an increase in the first contact rate of mania, especially in females. This rise may be associated with the influx into Camberwell of individuals of Afro-Caribbean origin who showed significantly higher rates than the white group [adjusted rate ratio 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-6.9] and more often displayed mixed manic and schizophrenic symptomatology (risk ratio 2.2; 95% CI 1.1-4.3). We conclude that the incidence of mania has not decreased and may actually have increased. High rates of mental illness among members of ethnic minorities are not specific to schizophrenia, suggesting that a risk factor common to both manic and schizophrenic illness is more prevalent among these groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Further exploration of a latent class typology of schizophrenia.

We previously derived a typology of schizophrenia from a latent class analysis of 447 first-contact non-affective functional psychotic patients from a defined catchment area. Here, using the same sample, we show that the three subtypes, 'neurodevelopmental' (Type A), 'paranoid' (Type B) and 'schizoaffective' (Type C) have different premorbid, phenomenological and treatment response characteristics. A canonical variate analysis of the three subtypes achieved partial separation between the first two subtypes, but the 'schizoaffective' type was less distinct.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Chronic fatigue in the community: 'a question of attribution'.

Thirty-eight subjects identified in a large community survey were found to attribute their fatigue to 'myalgic encephalomyelitis' (ME). They were matched randomly to two other groups of subjects who attributed their fatigue to either psychological or social factors. All three groups were followed up 18 months later and were asked to complete a series of questionnaires that examined fatigue, psychological distress, number of symptoms, attributional style and levels of disability. At onset the 'ME' group were found to be more fatigued, had been tired for longer but were less psychologically distressed than the other two groups. At follow-up the 'ME' group were more handicapped in relation to home, work, social and private leisure activities, even when controlling for both duration of fatigue and fatigue at time 1, but were less psychologically distressed. The relationships between psychological distress, specific illness attributions, attributional style and their effect on the experience of illness and its prognosis are discussed. Attributing fatigue to social reasons appears to be most protective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Deliberate self harm and the Probation Service; an overlooked public health problem?

Reducing the suicide rate is one of chief targets of Health of the nation, although consideration scepticism has been expressed about whether or not this can be achieved. We have reported that nearly a third of those supervised by the West Yorkshire Probation Service had a history of deliberate self harm (DSH). Comparing the known risk factors for DSH and suicide with the composition of those supervised by the Probation Service suggests this is a high-risk group that has not traditionally been well served by mental health services.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Memory, attention, and executive function in chronic fatigue syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To examine cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome. METHODS: Twenty patients with chronic fatigue syndrome recruited from primary care and 20 matched normal controls were given CANTAB computerised tests of visuospatial memory, attention, and executive function, and verbal tests of letter and category fluency and word association learning. RESULTS: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome were impaired, predominantly in the domain of memory but their pattern of performance was unlike that of patients with amnesic syndrome or dementia. They were normal on tests of spatial pattern recognition memory, simultaneous and delayed matching to sample, and pattern-location association learning. They were impaired on tests of spatial span, spatial working memory, and a selective reminding condition of the pattern-location association learning test. An executive test of planning was normal. In an attentional test, eight subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome were unable to learn a response set; the remainder exhibited no impairment in the executive set shifting phase of the test. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome were also impaired on verbal tests of unrelated word association learning and letter fluency. CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have reduced attentional capacity resulting in impaired performance on effortful tasks requiring planned or self ordered generation of responses from memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Chronic fatigue and minor psychiatric morbidity after viral meningitis: a controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypotheses that patients exposed to viral meningitis would be at an increased risk of developing chronic fatigue syndrome and would have an excess of neurological symptoms and physical impairment. METHODS: Eighty three patients were followed up 6-24 months after viral meningitis and a postal questionnaire was used to compare outcome with 76 controls who had had non-enteroviral, non-CNS viral infections. RESULTS: For the 159 patients and controls the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome was 12.6%, a rate higher than previously reported from primary care attenders, suggesting that moderate to severe viral infections may play a part in the aetiology of some fatigue states. Those with a history of meningitis showed a slight, non-significant increase in prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.5-3.6) which disappeared when logistic regression and analysis was used to correct for age, sex, and duration of follow up (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.3-2.8). Controls showed marginally higher psychiatric morbidity measured on the general health questionnaire-12 (adjusted OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-1.3) Both groups had similar rates of neurological symptoms and physical impairment. The best predictor of chronic fatigue was a prolonged duration time of off work after the illness (OR 4.93, 95% CI 1.3-18.8). The best predictor of severe chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosed by Center for Disease Control criteria was past psychiatric illness (OR 7.82, 95% CI 1.8-34.3). Duration of viral illness, as defined by days in hospital, did not predict chronic fatigue syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome is higher than expected for the range of viral illnesses examined; (2) enteroviral infection is unlikely to be a specific risk factor for its development; (3) onset of chronic fatigue syndrome after a viral infection is predicted by psychiatric morbidity and prolonged convalescence, rather than by the severity of the viral illness itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed relationships among psychological symptoms, past and current psychiatric disorder, functional impairment, somatic symptoms, chronic fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome. METHOD: A prospective cohort study was followed by a nested case-control study. The subjects, aged 18-45 years, had been in primary care for either clinical viral infections or a range of other problems. Questionnaire measures of fatigue and psychological symptoms were completed by 1,985 subjects 6 months later; 214 subjects with chronic fatigue were then compared with 214 matched subjects without fatigue. Assessments were made with questionnaires, interviews, and medical records of fatigue, somatic symptoms, psychiatric disorder, and functional impairment. RESULTS: Subjects with chronic fatigue were at greater risk than those without chronic fatigue for current psychiatric disorder assessed by standardized interview (60% versus 19%) or by questionnaire (71% versus 31%). Chronic fatigue subjects were more likely to have received psychotropic medication or experienced psychiatric disorder in the past. There was a trend for previous psychiatric disorder to be associated with comorbid rather than noncomorbid chronic fatigue. Most subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome also had current psychiatric disorder when assessed by interview (75%) or questionnaire (78%). Both the prevalence and incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome were associated with measures of previous psychiatric disorder. The number of symptoms suggested as characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome was closely related to the total number of somatic symptoms and to measures of psychiatric disorder. Only postexertion malaise, muscle weakness, and myalgia were significantly more likely to be observed in chronic fatigue syndrome than in chronic fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Most subjects with chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome in primary care also meet criteria for a current psychiatric disorder. Both chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome are associated with previous psychiatric disorder, partly explained by high rates of current psychiatric disorder. The symptoms thought to represent a specific process in chronic fatigue syndrome may be related to the joint experience of somatic and psychological distress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of the characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome in primary and tertiary care.

BACKGROUND: To evaluated the characteristics of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) in primary and tertiary care. METHOD: A comparison of subjects fulfilling criteria for CFS, identified as part of a prospective cohort study in primary care, compared to 79 adults fulfilling the same criteria referred for treatment to a specialist CFS clinic. RESULTS: Hospital cases were more likely to belong to upper socio-economic groups, and to have physical illness attributions. They had higher levels of fatigue and more somatic symptoms, and were more impaired functionally, but had less overt psychological morbidity. Women were over-represented in both primary care and hospital groups. Nearly half of those referred to a specialist clinic did not fulfil operational criteria for CFS. CONCLUSION: The high rates of psychiatric morbidity and female excess that characterise CFS in specialist settings are not due to selection bias. On the other hand higher social class and physical illness attributions may be the result of selection bias and not intrinsic to CFS.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Patients with acute hyperventilation presenting to an inner-city emergency department.

We studied 23 consecutive patients with acute hyperventilation presenting to an inner-city emergency department, diagnosed on clinical grounds by the attending physician and confirmed by arterial blood gas values in 5 patients. An organic basis for the presenting complaints was excluded and chest radiograph, serum biochemistry, blood cell count, and thyroid function test results were normal. The male to female ratio was 12:11. Presenting complaints were dyspnea (61%), paresthesia (35%), chest pain or tightness (43%), muscle spasm (9%), dizziness (13%), palpitations (13%), and panic (30%). Similar previous episodes were reported in 74%. Misattribution of the presenting complaints to a cardiac or other life-threatening disorder was reported in 20 patients (87%) and was the main reason for their presentation to the hospital. Although no patients presented with clinical features of asthma, 7 (30%) were known asthmatics receiving treatment and another 10 (44%) had a history and investigation results suggestive of asthma. Only 2 had a history of anxiety or depression, but 17 (78%) patients exceeded the threshold for anxiety or panic on Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) interview (score > or = 12). Marihuana or alcohol abuse were involved in 17% with a history of past abuse in 26%. When assessed 2 months after the attack, 13 (57%) had resting or stressor-induced hyperventilation with a significant (p < 0.05) association with asthma but not with a positive CIS-R score. These results illustrate the multifactorial basis of acute hyperventilation, the importance of misattribution, and the danger of using the term "hyperventilation syndrome" in the emergency department.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and central 5-HT function were compared in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), depression and healthy states. 10 patients with CFS and 15 patients with major depression were matched for age, weight, sex and menstrual cycle with 25 healthy controls. Baseline-circulating cortisol levels were highest in the depressed, lowest in the CFS and intermediate between the two in the control group (P = 0.01). Prolactin responses to the selective 5-HT-releasing agent d-fenfluramine were lowest in the depressed, highest in the CFS and intermediate between both in the healthy group (P = 0.01). Matched pair analysis confirmed higher prolactin responses in CFS patients than controls (P = 0.05) and lower responses in depressed patients than controls (P = 0.003). There were strong inverse correlations between prolactin and cortisol responses and baseline cortisol values. These data confirm that depression is associated with hypercotisolaemia and reduced central 5-HT neurotransmission and suggest that CFS may be associated with hypocortisolaemia and increased 5-HT function. The opposing responses in CFS and depression may be related to reversed patterns of behavioural dysfunction seen in these conditions. These findings attest to biological distinctions between these disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Postinfectious fatigue: prospective cohort study in primary care.

The idea that chronic fatigue has an infectious origin has become popular, but the main evidence for such an association has come from retrospective case-control studies, which are subject to ascertainment bias. We report a prospective study of the outcome of clinically diagnosed infections in patients presenting to UK general practitioners. Questionnaires assessing fatigue and psychiatric morbidity were sent to all patients aged 18-45 years in the study practices. The prevalence of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome was then ascertained among 1199 people aged 18-45 who presented to the general practitioners with symptomatic infections and in 1167 people who attended the surgeries for other reasons. 84% were followed up at 6 months. 9.9% of cases and 11.7% of controls reported chronic fatigue (odds ratio 1.0 [95% CI 0.6-1.1]). There were no differences in the proportions who met various criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. No effect of infection was noted when we excluded subjects who reported fatigue or psychological morbidity at the baseline screening. The strongest independent predictors of postinfectious fatigue were fatigue assessed before presentation with clinical infection (3.0 [1.9-4.7]) and psychological distress before presentation (1.8 [1.2-2.9]) and at presentation with the acute infection (1.8 [1.1-2.8]). There was no effect of sex or social class. Our study shows no evidence that common infective episodes in primary care are related to the onset of chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome.

Adolescent↗