1. Reabsorption of glucose, sodium, total solute (osmoles) and water in the rat proximal tubule (pars convoluta) were studied by free-flow micropuncture at normal (saline-infused), suppressed (saline with phlorizin) and elevated (glucose infusion) glucose reabsorption rates. 2. Phlorizin completely inhibited net glucose reabsorption, approximately halved reabsorption of sodium, total solutes and water, and reduced single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR). 3. In saline and glucose-infused groups, there were no significant differences between SNGFR nor between reabsorptions (fractional and absolute) of either sodium, total solute or water, which were uniformly distributed along segments assessible to micropuncture. 4. Glucose reabsorptive capacity existed along the entire pars convoluta, with highest reabsorptive rates in convolutions closest to the glomerulus (in saline-infused rats, 90% fractional reabsorption at 2 mm, over 95% at end pars convoluta; in glucose-infused rats, 55 and 90%, respectively). 5. In saline and glucose infused rats, a significant correlation existed between net glucose and sodium reabsorption, but the regression slopes differed and correlations became non-significant when the reabsorptive fluxes were factored by SNGFR. 6. For all groups, the majority of tubular fluid (TF) concentrations of osmoles and sodium were lower than those in plasma (over-all mean TFosm)Posm = 0.973 +/- 0.004, P less than 0.001; TFNa /PNa = 0.964 +/- 0.005, P less than 0.001). 7. Correspondingly, calculated osmolal and sodium concentrations in the reabsorbate were greater than those in plasma, and were significantly correlated with distance to puncture site with maximal values in the most proximal convolutions (for osmolality, approximately +79 m-osmole kg-1 water at 1 mm).

Absorption↗

PubMed1978

Antibiotics for cough and purulent sputum.

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Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1978

The effect of hemodilution with albumin or Ringer's lactate on water balance and blood use in open-heart surgery.

To determine the effect of intraoperative albumin administration on blood use, water balance, and postoperative clinical course, we studied two groups of adult cardiac surgical patients. Group I (30 patients) received 25 gm of albumin during withdrawal of 2 units of blood prior to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and 50 gm of albumin in the oxygenator prime. Group II (32 patients) received no albumin prior to the end of CPB. No difference in clinical course could be identified, nor was there a significant difference in blood use. Group I patients had lower hematocrit values intraoperatively from the time of blood withdrawal until the conclusion of operation. Coronary artery bypass operations were associated with greater positive water balance than were heat valve operations. Forty-three percent of the patients having coronary artery bypass grafting had a positive water balance greater than 5 liters, whereas 50% of those undergoing valve procedures had a balance less than 3 liters. We conclude that the principal effect of withholding albumin under these circumstances is to increase net positive water balance. The greater positive water balance does not appear to be detrimental.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Effects of phlorizin on glucose, water and sodium handling by the rat kidney.

1. The effect of phlorizin on glucose, water and sodium handling by the kidney in anaesthetized rats was investigated, using clearance techniques, during infusion of saline (200 microliter min-1) or saline to which either low (0.1 mumole kg body weight-1 ml.-1) doses of phlorizin had been added. 2. Phlorizin increased the absolute and fractional excretion of glucose, urine osmolality and negative free water clearance; and reduced urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), absolute and fractional excretion of sodium, absolute excretion of sodium, absolute excretion of potassium and absolute and fractional rates of glucose reabsorption. 3. The data indicate that phlorizin has sites of action and effects additional to those on glucose transport in the proximal tubule. 4. Within each series there was a positive correlation between sodium and glucose reabsorption; but the rate of glucose reabsorption was different between each series even though the sodium reabsorption was not. 5. It is suggested that since both sodium and glucose reabsorption correlate with GFR, they may be related via GFR. 6. The data indicate that for the whole kidney any effect of glucose on sodium transport is small relative to total renal handling of sodium.

Absorption↗

PubMed1978

Effects of glucose on water and sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of rat kidney.

1. The effects of glucose on sodium and water reabsorption by rat renal proximal tubules was investigated by in situ microperfusion of segments of proximal tubules with solutions containing glucose or no glucose, with and without phlorizin. 2. Absence of glucose did not significantly alter net water flux. Sodium flux was reduced by about 10% but this was not statistically significant. 3. In the absence of glucose in the perfusion fluid net secretion of glucose occurred. 4. Phlorizin reduced either net reabsorption or net secretion of glucose; and net water flux. 5. The data suggest that in later parts of the proximal convoluted tubule some sodium may be co-transported with glucose, but that this represents only a small fraction of the total sodium reabsorption. 6. It is suggested that the glucose carrier is reversible and in appropriate circumstances could cause glucose secretion. 7. Although phlorizin alters net water flux the underlying mechanisms are not clear. 8. The calculated osmolality of the reabsorbate was significantly greater than the perfusate osmolality and greater than plasma osmolality although this was not quite significant statistically.

Absorption↗

PubMed1978

Speech rehabilitation of a laryngectomized-glossectomized patient.

A 58-year-old English speaking female, who underwent total laryngectomy and glossectomy and subsequently learned to communicate verbally via various phonatory and articulatory compensations, is described in this report. Radiologic study and empirical observation showed her to be using the inhalation method to achieve esophageal air charge. Her articulatory compensations were typical of those used by other glossectomized pateints. The extent of her recovery of verbal communication skills through alaryngeal speech suggests that glossectomized-laryngectomized patients with similar impairment might benefit from speech rehabilitation where prognosis and general health permit.

Female↗

PubMed1978

[Subacute alcoholic intoxication in rats: effect of an intravenous injection of glucagon or adrenaline].

We have studied the hyperglycemic effect of glucagon (20 microgram/kg) and adrenaline (5 microgram/kg/mn/3 mn) on the rat subjected to a subacute alcoholic intoxication (6,4 g/kg by day during 12 days). The hyperglycemic action of the glucagon is increased while that of the adrenaline slightly decreased. So, the alcoholic intoxication allows to dissociate the both mechanisms of the glycogenolytic action of both hormones. Two hypothesis are brought forward in the discussion.

Alcoholism↗