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Biomedical subjects

S Sutherland

Publications and source records attributed to S Sutherland.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The effect of genetic determinants of low density lipoprotein levels on lipoprotein (a).

Levels of Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] correlate directly with atherosclerosis risk. The Lp(a) particle is physically and chemically similar to low density lipoprotein (LDL), the main difference being the presence of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] bonded to the apoB-100 moiety of LDL. Genetic variation of apo(a) primarily determines Lp(a) phenotype. However, other genetic factors may also have a role in determining Lp(a) levels. Large families provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the contribution of genetic factors to disease. In several large Utah kindreds with various genetic abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism we determined that: 1) Lp(a) levels are associated with defects at the apoB gene; 2) Lp(a) levels are not associated with defects at the LDL-receptor gene; 3) high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are associated with genetic variation at the apo(a) locus; and 4) the DNA sequence of the apoB-100 binding domain does not vary between siblings with high and low Lp(a) levels.

Apolipoprotein B-100↗
PubMed1990

Factors that influence the prevalence of positive catch trials in glaucoma patients.

We evaluated factors that influence the catch-trial response in automated perimetry by consecutively examining 408 glaucoma patients (703 eyes) with either the program 30-2 or a 76-point screen with a quantified defect on the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The prevalence of positive catch trials using both programs was: 15.9% fixation losses, 5.5% false-positives, and 17.0% false-negatives. The only significant difference between the two programs was a lower prevalence of false-negatives on the program 30-2 (P less than 0.01). False-positive responses showed a significant positive correlation to fixation losses, and the catch trial response in general was correlated significantly to defect depth, test time, age, and visual acuity (P less than 0.05). This study suggests that the prevalence of positive catch trials is not an independent variable when testing glaucoma patients with automated perimetry and is not reduced by using a screening strategy over a full-threshold exam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Clinical manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in patients older than 50 years.

The purpose of this study was to define manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in older patients with the disease. Fifty-seven subjects age 50 years or more, who were at risk for having inherited the gene for ADPKD, were evaluated for renal size, hypertension, back and abdominal pain, symptoms consistent with urinary tract infection (UTI), hematuria, end-stage renal failure, and liver cysts. The diagnosis of ADPKD was made in 32 of the 57 at-risk subjects (56%). At the time of study, only one patient with the disease was asymptomatic and normotensive and denied any previous symptoms suggestive of the disease. Clinical manifestations of ADPKD in the 31 symptomatic patients were hypertension (69%), a history of back and abdominal pain (47%), symptoms consistent with UTI (41%), hematuria (31%), and end-stage renal failure (47%). Liver cysts were found in 44% of patients. No statistically significant differences in the frequency of any manifestations of ADPKD between men and women were found, although the frequency of symptoms consistent with UTI tended to be higher in women (53%) than in men (27%). Most patients developed symptoms after the age of 40 years. Notably, 31% of the older patients with ADPKD had normal serum creatinine levels. Thus, older subjects with kidney cysts who are at risk to have inherited the gene for ADPKD, should be considered to have the disease even in the presence of well-preserved kidney function. This observation may play an important role in assessing the prognosis of older subjects at risk who have bilateral renal cysts and in genetic counseling of their relatives.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1990

Seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexually active men.

A non-clinic cohort of 525 homosexually active men from London and South Wales were recruited in 1988 for a study by interview of sexual behaviour. A sample of blood was tested for HIV-1 antibodies. Seropositivity in London was 9.2% compared with 3.4% in South Wales. Men who were not regular STD clinic attenders had a lower rate of seropositivity than did those who were regular attenders. Men who were seropositive reported more sexual partners with whom they had anal intercourse and also reported more episodes of syphilis. Overall, rates of seropositivity were lower than those reported by studies from STD clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Studies on Australian snake venoms. Part 1: The haemodynamic effects of brown snake (Pseudonaja) species in the dog.

The haemodynamic effects of Brown Snake (Pseudonaja) species (textilis, nuchalis, affinis) were investigated in anaesthetised, mechanically ventilated dogs. Blood pressure decreased to minimal levels five minutes after intravenous envenomation. Hypotension was accompanied by significant decrements in cardiac output and stroke volume and a rise in peripheral vascular resistance. Heart rate increased transiently during 0.5-2.0 minutes after envenomation but had declined below resting levels five minutes after envenomation. No statistically significant change was recorded in central venous pressure. Depression of myocardial contractility is postulated as the mechanism of venom induced hypotension.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cytomegalovirus infection and donor/recipient HLA antigens: interdependent co-factors in pathogenesis of vanishing bile-duct syndrome after liver transplantation.

The contribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and its interrelation with HLA antigens in the development of chronic rejection (vanishing bile-duct syndrome--VBDS) was investigated in 101 patients surviving for at least 3 months after liver transplantation. A 1-2 antigen match for HLA DR antigens (30.9% vs 4.5% for zero DR match; p less than 0.002), a zero match for HLA A/B antigens (27.5% vs 10.9% for 1 or more A/B match; p less than 0.05), and active CMV infection (26.3% vs 4.4% for no CMV infection; p less than 0.005) were independently associated with an increased risk of VBDS. The coexistence of a 1-2 HLA DR match and CMV infection carried the highest relative risk (10.1) of VBDS; these two variables were probably interdependent since either alone was associated with a low relative risk (0.45 and 0.5). The association between VBDS and active CMV infection was not a consequence of alterations in immunosuppressive therapy. The findings would be consistent with precipitation of chronic rejection by CMV-induced HLA antigen expression in patients rendered susceptible by the donor/recipient HLA antigen match.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection by in-situ hybridisation in liver grafts.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of hepatic dysfunction after liver transplantation, but proof of infection and distinguishing CMV hepatitis from other causes of impaired liver function can be difficult. In-situ hybridisation for CMV-DNA in liver biopsy specimens was assessed in 25 liver graft recipients in whom CMV was suspected on clinical grounds. CMV-DNA was detected in all 10 patients with primary CMV infection, in whom a close correlation was found between the number of CMV-DNA-positive cells and both the number of cells containing viral inclusions identified by light microscopy and the clinical severity of disease. In contrast, CMV-DNA was not detected in patients with secondary CMV infection, or in those without evidence of CMV infection. In-situ hybridisation for CMV-DNA provides an accurate and rapid diagnosis of CMV infection, and allows specific antiviral therapy to be used earlier.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1988

Growth patterns of first-generation Southeast Asian infants.

The growth patterns of Southeast Asian infants appear to differ from those of the National Center for Health Statistics standards for US children. This study examines the length, weight, and head circumference curves of 175 healthy, full-term, US-born Laotian and Cambodian infants seen periodically at a pediatric clinic from birth to 18 months of age. The median length, weight, and head circumference values of these infants were significantly lower than those of the National Center for Health Statistics standards for infants older than 6 months. These differences were more striking in girls than boys. A decision to observe rather than to pursue a diagnostic work-up in an otherwise healthy Southeast Asian infant who exhibits a slow growth pattern may be the most appropriate management style.

Body Height↗
PubMed1988

Viral typing.

Knowing the type and subtype of viruses has often been an essential preliminary to good infection control. A wide variety of methods have been and are used to differentiate virus variants. Examples are given of how some of these biological, immunological and molecular techniques have been used to investigate the epidemiology of some common virus infections.

Genotype↗
PubMed1988

Burned adolescents' descriptions of their coping strategies.

In an effort to describe adolescents' coping strategies after burns, eight postburn adolescents were interviewed. Their physical changes and their self-described behaviors and responses to changes in appearance, function, and potential are delineated. With the use of Lazarus' coping paradigm, mechanisms described by subjects were classified as problem focused or emotion focused. Comparison is made with coping mechanisms previously identified in adults. Subjects' problem-focused adjustments included the institution of comfort and therapeutic measures, the resumption of preburn style of dress, varied verbal responses to questioning and staring, the redirection of career goals, and adjustments to phobic neurosis. Emotion-focused adjustments included anger, acceptance of limitations, anticipation of ridicule or rejection, decreased focus on physical changes, a sense of loss, boredom with burns and their sequelae, and various defenses such as rationalization, denial, intellectualization, and humor. Identification of specific physical changes and responses permits the nurse to plan interventions and to provide anticipatory guidance accordingly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Production and characterisation of a human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus and its use in an early nuclear fluorescence assay.

A human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) was produced by transforming peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with recent CMV infection. It is directed against a late antigen located in the nucleus of CMV infected fibroblasts at 24-72 hours postinfection and immuneprecipitates 65K and 48K proteins from 35S-labelled CMV infected cells. Results of its use in an early nuclear fluorescence assay for rapid diagnosis are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Typing and subtyping of herpes simplex isolates by monoclonal fluorescence.

The type specificity of 16 herpes simplex monoclonal antibodies was tested on 50 isolates previously typed by endonuclease restriction. A panel of antibodies was selected and used to type isolates from 50 primary and 50 recurrent genital infections. Sixty-four isolates from 18 patients followed up for six months were subtyped by using a larger panel of monoclonal antibodies and predominant HSV1 and HSV2 subtypes were demonstrated. In addition to confirming recurrences, four possible reinfections were identified. Type-specific differences in the location of viral antigens in infected cells were noted and a possible association of this finding with the type-specific differences in rates of recurrence of genital infections discussed.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Acyclovir in first attacks of genital herpes and prevention of recurrences.

Sixty women patients experiencing a first attack of genital herpes were randomly treated with either oral acyclovir for 42 days or oral acyclovir for five days followed by placebo for 37 days. The median time to the first recurrence in patients receiving acyclovir for 42 days was 66.5 days compared with 24 days in those who received acyclovir for only five days (p less than 0.0001). This significant difference, however, was only observed for the treatment period. The frequency of recurrences was also reduced during the period of treatment in those who received prolonged treatment. During the subsequent follow up period, however, patients in both groups had a similar frequency of recurrences. Patients with infections due to herpes simplex virus type I (HSV I) had a significantly longer time to the first recurrence (p less than 0.001) and fewer recurrences (p less than 0.001) than those infected with HSV II, irrespective of treatment.

Acyclovir↗