[Older people and physical activity].
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Activities of Daily Living↗
Biomedical subjects
S Shinkai
Publications and source records attributed to S Shinkai.
Rapid Coagulation of Langmuir-Blodgett Mesoscopic Bands on Mica by Monovalent Ions.
Langmuir-Blodgett films of 4-heptoxy-4'-carboxyazobenzene on mica transferred from pure water exhibit novel strip structures consisting of mono-molecular thick straight bands 80 nm wide and more than 100 µm long. To examine a possibility that these bands are self-organized structures of small monolayer clusters, the effects of monovalent ions are investigated. The monovalent ions caused the mesoscopic bands to coagulate. The fraction of coagulated bands was measured as a function of ion concentrations at pH 7.0 by atomic force microscopy. K(+) and Cs(+) are shown to interact with the mica surface strongly and destabilize the bands by developing the hydration force. Na(+) and Li(+) cause critical coagulation without destabilization and have the critical concentrations at 3.0 and 1.6 mM, respectively. UV-vis reflection spectroscopy demonstrates that no molecular reorientation deviating from an H-aggregate-like state occurs during coagulation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to obtain an adsorption isotherm of Na(+). A comparison with a model monolayer described by Poisson-Boltzmann-Stern theory shows that the unusually large Na(+) binding occurs prior to the coagulation. A comment is made on the importance of the characteristically large perimeter regions of monolayer clusters making up the band. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Journal Article↗
Design and semisynthesis of spermine-sensitive Ribonuclease S'.
Spermine-sensitive stabilization of semisynthetic Ribonuclease S' was successfully carried out by sequence specific incorporation of a poly-anion domain into alpha-helix region of S-peptide.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Compliance in use of external protectors for hip fractures among the community elderly in Japan].
To protect femoral neck fractures which are the most serious complication of osteoporosis and are increasing in frequency in Japan, an external hip protector (EHP) fixed in special underwear has been proven to absorb a direct impact to the greater trochanter during a fall from standing height. In this study, we investigated compliance concerning the use of EHPs, for six months using two types of EHP, i.e., hard pad type (Hip Protector, Sahvatex) from Denmark (Fig. 1) and soft pad type (Safety Pants, Rounomo Oy) from Finland. The subjects were 20 elderly women aged 70 years or more who had at least one experience of falling within the year preceding the baseline survey in September of 1997. The compliance rate is shown in Fig. 2. Though the soft type EHP had relatively better compliance than the hard type EHP, there was no significant difference between them. The main reason for early dropout (one or two weeks after base-line) was "difficulty to remove especially with regard to using the toilet". The main reason for later dropout was "too tight to wear in winter". There were no significant differences with regard to anthropometric measurements, physical activity, ADL, and rate of falls between compliers and dropouts except age (73.6 vs 78.5 yrs). Sufficient explanation at baseline and generatively good motivation for wearing the EHP will maintain a high compliance which may result in the effective prevention of hip fractures among the community elderly.
Aged↗
[Mobility in the community-dwelling elderly and its correlates].
OBJECTIVE: To examine mobility level in community-dwelling elderly using a questionnaire of walking ability over a distance of 1 km and its relationship to activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL) indices, and to obtain clues to mobility impairment in the elderly. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 3,266 community-dwelling elderly aged 60 to 84 years were interviewed with questionnaires for assessing mobility, ADL and QOL levels. The mobility was assessed by walking ability over a distance of 1 km, and the ADL levels were by conventional basic ADL, comprehensive mobility index and the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence, and the QOL levels were by self-rated health, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) short-version and Life Satisfaction Index-K (LSIK). They were also asked about diseases for which they regularly consult doctors, and about subjective symptoms. RESULTS: Eighty-seven percent of the subjects responded to the interview, with 86.3% of male responders and 77.6% of female responders answering that they could walk on foot over a distance of 1 km without any difficulty. The percentages of subjects who answered that they could walk but with difficulty or could not walk over a distance of 1 km increased with advancing age. The correlation analysis between 1 km-walking ability and other mobility indices showed that 1 km-walking ability was a better index for identifying a slight to moderate mobility impairment, and that the mobility level was closely associated with daily activity levels in the community-dwelling elderly. The elderly with an impaired mobility had lowered self-rated health, GDS and LSIK scores. After controlling for sex and age, it was shown that prevalences of musculoskeltal (knee arthritis, lower back pain, etc.), cerebrovascular and heart diseases, and complaints of subjective symptoms which were associated with physical frailty, were closely associated with impaired mobility. Hearing and visual disturbances also had a significant relation to a lowered mobility. CONCLUSIONS: Walking ability over a distance of 1 km may be a good index for discriminating differing mobility levels which community-dwelling elderly have intrinsically. The possible etiological factors for a lowered mobility in the elderly include musculoskeletal, cerebrovascular and heart diseases; physical frailty; and hearing and visual disturbances.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Immune responses to training: how critical is training volume?
BACKGROUND: If the volume of training undertaken is sufficient to induce a negative energy balance, the anticipated benefit of an enhanced immune response may be reduced or lost. METHODS: 33 sedentary but healthy male volunteers aged 19-29 years, recruited from the university community. A peak oxygen intake measurement (cycle ergometer) and a 60-min exercise challenge at 60% of aerobic power were performed before and after 12 wk of treatment. Total leukocytes, subsets, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+, and CD25+ counts (FACScan), cytolytic activity (51Cr release) and cell proliferation (PHA and PWM) were measured, with subjects assigned arbitrarily to one of three groups: light training (18 subjects, aerobic exercise at 70-85% HRmax 3 times/wk), moderate training (9 subjects, similar programme 4-5 times/wk) and control (6 subjects). RESULTS: Groups were initially well-matched in physical and physiological terms. Training increased aerobic power (8%, light, 21% moderate training), with a loss of body mass and fat in the moderate training group. Controls showed no changes. Resting CD16+ counts increased by 27% (light training) and CD16+ CD56+ counts by 21% (moderate training), with less post-exercise suppression of counts than at recruitment. Light training also decreased CD3+ and CD4+ counts without changing the CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Moderate training decreased resting CD19+ count. CONCLUSIONS: From the viewpoint of immune function, the optimal training regimen is of low volume. Moderate training sufficient to induce a negative energy balance yields a smaller increase in numbers of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic cells, and carries the negative consequence of diminished B cell counts.
Adult↗
Aging and immune response to exercise.
Human immune function undergoes adverse changes with aging. The T cells, which have a central role in cellular immunity, show the largest age-related differences in distribution and function, with thymus involution as the apparent underlying cause. The immune responses to acute exercise and training have not been studied extensively in the elderly. The natural killer (NK) cell response to a single exercise challenge is normal in older individuals, but immediately after exercise the elderly subjects manifest less suppression of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation than younger individuals. In contrast, a strenuous exercise seems to induce a more sustained postexercise suppression of cellular immunity in older individuals than in their young peers. A few cross-sectional comparisons of immune status between physically fit elderly individuals and young sedentary controls suggest that habitual physical activity may enhance NK cell activity, checking certain aspects of the age-related decline in T cell function, such as reduced mitogenesis in response to plant lectins and decreases in the production of certain types of cytokine. The clinical implications, however, remain to be clarified by future study.
Adult↗
Aging, exercise, training, and the immune system.
Human immune function undergoes adverse changes with aging, including development of a relative immune deficiency and an immune dysregulated state. The T cells show the largest age-related differences in distribution and function. The antibody production capacity of B cells also shows an age-related decline. Acute bouts of exercise modulate many immune parameters as seen in peripheral blood. With regard to NK cell activity, a single bout of moderate exercise seems to be well tolerated by the elderly, and the resting NK cell activity of elderly subjects seems to increase with training. Cross-sectional comparisons of immune status imply that habitual physical activity may enhance NK cell activity and check certain aspects of the age-related decline in T cell function. Future studies are required to clarify whether such long-term exercise and resulting improvements of immune function give rise to any beneficial effects on infections, malignancies, and autoimmune disorders.
Adult↗
[Chinese herbs nephropathy in the Kansai area: a warning report].
In 1993, Vanherweghem and his associates reported cases of rapidly progressive renal interstitial fibrosis in young women who were administered a slimming regimen including Chinese herbs. Subsequently, similar cases have been reported. In Japan, especially in the Kansai area, several cases of Chinese herbs nephropathy have already been reported. We experienced a patient suffering from Chinese herbs nephropathy (CHN), and further detected aristolochic acids from the Chinese herbs taken by the patient. Aristolochic acids are known to be causative agents of CHN. The danger of CHN should be noted as soon as possible and drugs containing aristolochic acids should be prohibited.
Aristolochic Acids↗
[Traditional remedy-induced Chinese herbs nephropathy showing rapid deterioration of renal function].
A 19-year-old female was referred to our hospital for azotemia and anemia. She had been taking a health food for atopic dermatitis for about three years. Urinalysis showed proteinuria, glycosuria and microscopic hematuria. Generalized aminoaciduria was observed. Moreover, severe anemia, azotemia, hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia were also observed. Renal biopsy specimen disclosed hypocellular interstitial fibrosis and degeneration of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. No remarkable changes were observed in the glomeruli. Aristolochic acid was detected in the health food. From these findings, she was diagnosed as having Chinese herbs nephropathy (CHN). Although consumption of the food intake was stopped, her renal function deteriorated rapidly. Previously, we reported that certain kinds of Chinese herbal drugs contain aristolochic acid and that the drugs should be prohibited if aristolochic acid is identified. However, we experienced a patient of CHN arising from traditional remedy, which was not proved to be safe. It should be awared that health foods may contain aristolochic acid.
Adult↗
Effects of moderate endurance exercise and training on in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, and IL-2 receptor expression.
This study was designed to examine immunological responses to an acute bout of cycle ergometry exercise before and after moderate endurance training. Previously sedentary males were randomly assigned to matched training (n = 9) or control (n = 6) groups. Training comprised 12 weeks during which supervised cycle ergometer exercise took place [30 min at 65-70% of maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), 4-5 days .week-1]. An acute bout of exercise (60 min; 60% VO2max) was performed initially and after the 12-week interval. Samples of peripheral venous blood were taken at rest, after 30 and 60 min of exercise, and at 30 and 120 min post-exercise. Training improved VO2max by an average of 20% (40.6 to 49.2 ml.kg-1.min-1). Relative to baseline and control measures, the resting concentration of (CD3-CD16+/CD56+) natural killer (NK) cells increased by 22% (P < 0.05). The resting count of total CD25+ [interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) alpha chain] lymphocytes did not change following training, but dual staining analysis showed a 100% increase in the fraction of CD16+ CD25+ NK cells (P < 0.05). Likewise the resting CD122+ (IL-2R beta chain) lymphocyte count increased 35% after training, the greatest increases (44%) being in CD16+ CD122+ NK cells (P < 0.05). Soluble IL-2R levels also increased 33% (P < 0.05) after training. Following acute exercise at the same relative intensity, trained individuals exhibited a larger increase in the NK cell count, reduced lymphocytopenia, and attenuation of exercise-induced suppression of lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production (P < 0.05). In addition, smaller increases in CD4 and CD8 counts during exercise were noted, but with faster recovery post-exercise (P < 0.05). Addition of recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) to phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures did not reverse exercise-induced suppression of cell proliferation, either before or after training. However, rIL-2 did augment the spontaneous blastogenesis of exercise and post-training samples relative to baseline (P < 0.05). We conclude that moderate endurance training is associated with sustained alterations in immune function, both at rest and when exercising. Further investigations are necessary to determine the impact on overall health and susceptibility to disease.
Adult↗
Cortisol response to exercise and post-exercise suppression of blood lymphocyte subset counts.
This study examined a temporal relationship between exercise-induced changes in blood cortisol levels and circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte subset counts during and after exercise. Twenty-one young male, sedentary subjects [mean age, 20.8 +/- 2.4 (SD) yr; mean VO2max, 48.0 +/- 7.9 (SD) ml/kg/min] underwent a cycle ergometer exercise for 60 min at 60% VO2max. Peripheral blood samples, collected every 30 min during exercise and at 30, 60 min, 2.5 and 6 h of recovery, were used for the determination of serum cortisol and plasma catecholamines; lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by flow-cytometry. Based on the analysis of serum cortisol levels in response to exercise, the subjects can be identified as two groups: cortisol-responder (n = 13) and non-responder (n = 8) groups. Other than the cortisol response, the two groups showed no significant differences in terms of age, physical build, aerobic fitness, maximal heart rate, and pre-exercise blood leukocyte and lymphocyte subset counts. The two groups also did not differ significantly in their relative work rate and catecholamine response to the exercise. Both cortisol responder and non-responder groups displayed a granulocytosis, lymphocytosis and monocytosis during exercise, and a further granulocytosis after exercise. Changes in lymphocyte count and distribution during recovery, however, differed significantly between the two groups. In the circulation of the cortisol non-responder group, total lymphocyte counts returned to the baseline level shortly after exercise, whereas a significant lymphopenia occurred at 2.5 h of recovery in the cortisol responder group: the CD4+ cells showed the greatest decrease in cell count, followed by the CD8+ cells. In both groups, the CD16+ cell-counts tended to decline below the pre-exercise values at 30 and 60 min of recovery and returned to the baseline values by 2.5 h of recovery. The CD19+ cell-count was not suppressed in both groups after exercise. These results suggest that exercise-induced secretion of blood cortisol may contribute to post-exercise suppression of the helper- and cytotoxic-T cell counts, but does not seem to be involved in post-exercise changes in the NK-cell and B-cell counts as well as in post-exercise granulocytosis.
Adult↗
[Incidence of hip fracture and prognosis in Ehime Prefecture].
Hip fracture among the elderly has increasingly attracted public health concern in Japan. For the purpose of revealing the epidemiological features of hip fracture, post-treatment prognosis, and related factors, we studied all cases of hip fracture which occurred in Ehime Prefecture during 1992 who were admitted to hospitals or clinics, and followed up the cases for a subsequent two years. The incidence rate of hip fracture was 29.2 per 100,000 for males, and 84.0 for females, which are much lower than in Europe and the Untied States. Compared with rates reported previously in Japan, the age--specific incidence rates for males in Ehime were almost identical to the respective rates estimated by a nationwide survey and the rates for Tottori. However, the rate for males 80 years old or more was found to be lower than the corresponding rate for Kagawa. In females, the age--specific incidence rates for Ehime were similar to the Japanese averages, and the rates for Tottori and Kagawa. Falling from a standing position was a leading cause of hip fracture among older patients. Osteosynthesis was the main treatment modality elected trochanteric fractures. On the other hand, prosthetic replacement was predominant in cervical fracture. Multivariate analysis using a multiple logistic model showed that medical facility category, age, type of treatment, and cause of fracture had statistically significant relations to mobility at the time of discharge. Of patients who could walk at the time of discharge, 83.7% (159/190) were alive two years after discharge. Multiple logistic model analysis identified gender as a significant contributing factor to this mortality. Among the survivors, 81.8% (130/159) retain the ability to walk. Logistic model analysis revealed that older age experience a significantly higher risk in losing mobility.
Adult↗
[Saccharide sensing using a boronic-acid probe].
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Biosensing Techniques↗
Exercise-induced changes in the expression of surface adhesion molecules on circulating granulocytes and lymphocytes subpopulations.
This study examined the relationship between exercise-induced changes in the concentration of circulating immunocompetent cells and their surface expression of adhesion molecules: L-selectin (CD62L) and three beta 2-integrins [LFA-1(CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), and p150/95(CD11c/CD18)]. Eight young male volunteers exercised on a cycle ergometer for 60 min at 60% maximal oxygen uptake. Peripheral blood samples, collected every 30 min throughout exercise and during the 2-h recovery period, were used for flow-cytometric analysis. The experimental results were compared with control data obtained ever 60 min at corresponding times of the nonexercise day. The exercise regimen induced a granulocytosis and a lymphocytosis, mainly due to an elevation of CD8+ and CD16+ cells. During recovery, a further granulocytosis occurred but accompanied by a lymphopenia. The increased CD8+ cell-count during exercise was characterized by a selective mobilization of the CD62L- and CD11ahigh cells, i.e. primed CD8+ cells. A postexercise suppression of CD4+ cell-count was derived only from CD62L+ cells. The CD11b+ and CD11c+ lymphocytes also increased during exercise, largely attributable to an increase in CD16+ cells which co-expressed CD11b and CD11c molecules. The CD62L surface density of granulocytes increased significantly during recovery. This resulted from a selective influx of CD62Lhigh granulocytes into the circulation. There were no significant changes in per-cell density of the three beta 2-integrins on granulocytes and lymphocytes throughout the experimental period. These results suggest that the cell-surface expression of CD62L (and CD11a) molecules is associated with the differential mobilization of CD8+ cells during exercise, the postexercise suppression of CD4+ cell-counts and the granulocytosis following exercise.
Adult↗
Physical activity and immune senescence in men.
A cross-sectional survey examined whether habitual endurance exercisers retained a higher level of T cell function than sedentary individuals in old age. Subjects, all male, comprised 17 elderly runners, 16 young, and 19 elderly controls (mean ages +/- SD: 63.8 +/- 3.3, 23.6 +/- 1.6, and 65.8 +/- 3.5 yr, respectively), whose resting blood samples served for the immunological tests. Compared with the young subjects, both elderly groups had lower circulating CD3+ and CD8+ cell-counts (P = 0.029, P = 0.001, respectively), with a trend to a higher CD4/CD8 ratio, but higher percentages of activated CD3+, and "memory" CD4+ and CD8+ cells (all, P < 0.0001). Proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and alloantigens were markedly reduced in the elderly (P < 0.001, and P = 0.024, respectively). IL-2 production tended to be decreased in the elderly sedentary subjects. However, natural killer cell activity and other cytokine production remained unchanged in the elderly sedentary subjects. Comparison between the active and sedentary elderly groups showed no differences in circulating counts of immunocompetent cells. However, the active elderly subjects demonstrated significantly greater proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin ( P = 0.016) and to pokeweed mitogen (P = 0.011), and higher rates of IL-2 (P = 0.021), IFN-gamma (P = 0.015) and IL-4 production (P = 0.012). These results suggest that endurance training in later life is associated with a lesser age-related decline in certain aspects of circulating T cell function and related cytokine production.
Age Factors↗
Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise plus dietary restriction on body composition, resting energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in mildly obese middle-aged women.
This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise plus voluntary food restriction on the body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and aerobic fitness of mildly obese middle-aged women. The subjects were randomly assigned to exercise/diet (n = 17) or control (n = 15) groups. The exercise/diet group participated in an aerobic training programme, 45-60 min.day-1 at 50%-60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 3-4 days.week-1, and also adopted a self-regulated energy deficit relative to predicted energy requirements (-1.05 MJ.day-1 to -1.14 MJ.day-1). After the regimen had been followed for 12 weeks, the body mass of the subjects had decreased by an average of 4.5 kg, due mainly to fat loss, with little change of fat free mass (mff). The absolute RMR did not change, but the experimental group showed significant increases in the RMR per unit of body mass (10%) and the RMR per unit of mff (4%). The increase in RMR/mff was not correlated with any increase in VO2max/mff. The resting heat production per unit of essential body mass increased by an average of 21%, but the resting heat production rate per unit of fat tissue mass remained unchanged. We concluded that aerobic exercise enhances the effect of moderate dietary restriction by augmenting the metabolic activity of lean tissue.
Body Composition↗
Differential expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha and beta chains in relation to natural killer cell subsets and aerobic fitness.
Immunophenotyping by dual parameter flow cytometry was used to compare the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha and beta chains on lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of 7 trained and 6 untrained volunteers (respective VO2max 57.0 +/- 6.1 and 39.0 +/- 4.5 ml.kg-1.min-1). Venous blood samples were collected at least 36 h after the most recent exercise session. The trained subjects had higher circulating counts (10(9).l-1) of total leukocytes (5.80 +/- 0.83 vs. 4.63 +/- 0.21, p < 0.05), granulocytes (3.14 +/- 0.72 vs. 1.90 +/- 0.30, p < 0.05), and NK cells (CD16+, 0.32 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.05, p < 0.05; CD56+, 0.41 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.03, p < 0.01), but lower lymphocyte counts than their sedentary peers (1.90 +/- 0.22 vs. 2.26 +/- 0.25, p < 0.05). Counts for T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD19+), and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio did not differ between the two subject groups. The p55-IL-2 receptor alpha expression (CD25+: 0.63 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.17) was unrelated to training, but the p70-75-IL-2 receptor beta expression was higher in the active group (p70/Mik-beta 1+: 0.42 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.06, p < 0.001; p75/TU27+: 0.36 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.17 +/- 0.07, p < 0.005). Beta chain co-expression was also higher on NK cell subsets (p < 0.001) in trained than in sedentary subjects. Aerobic power was strongly correlated with IL-2R beta expression (r = 0.914, p < 0.001 for Mik-beta 1; r = 0.884, p < 0.005 for TU27).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗