[Adult nephritis models; pathogenesis of nephritogenoside nephritis --its relationship with the immune complex mechanism].
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Amino Acid Sequence↗
Biomedical subjects
S Shibata
Publications and source records attributed to S Shibata.
[Delayed effect of radiation therapy on extracerebral cavernous angioma in the middle fossa].
This is a report of a case with extracerebral cavernous angioma in the middle fossa which had received radiation therapy. Follow-up study with serial computed tomography during and after irradiation were presented. A 62-year-old housewife complained of vertigo. CT scan revealed a slightly high density area in the left middle cranial fossa which was markedly enhanced with contrast media. Left carotid angiography demonstrated a large avascular mass in the left middle fossa and no feeding artery or draining vein was visualized except a faint irregular stain in the venous phase. Irradiation with a total dose of 50 Gy was delivered. At the end of radiation, CT scan revealed a slight decrease in size and CT number of the tumor. Follow-up CT scans 5 months later showed 50% regression of the tumor and 19 months later were negative for tumor. It is concluded that in case of an extracerebral cavernous angioma with massive hemorrhage, radiation of up to 30-50 Gy was a method of choice. The treatment results in the possibility of eliminating surgery and the benefit of irradiation may not become evident until the first year.
Female↗
[An autopsy case of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage and necrotizing angitis associated with methamphetamine abuse].
We report an autopsy case of methamphetamine-related intracranial hemorrhage and vasculitis. The possible relationship between drug usage and the occurrence of intracranial bleeding and cerebral vasculitis in such patients is discussed. A 22-year-old woman died after an intravenous injection of unknown dose of methamphetamine. A computed tomography head scan demonstrated massive subarachnoid hemorrhage and hematoma in corpus callosum. Cerebral angiography revealed nonfilling of bilateral intracranial carotid arteries and extravasation of contrast medium from right pericallosal artery which was visualized retrogradely via vertebral artery. Postmortem studies showed cerebral edema, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, and intracranial vasculitis in the absence of aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation or chronic hypertension. Histological findings of necrosis of blood vessel walls with destruction of the elastica and smooth muscle layer, and without leukocytotic infiltration of the blood vessel walls were observed in order of anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, vertebral, posterior cerebral and basilar arteries. These angiographic and histological evidence suggests that such hemorrhage results from the development of fibrinonecrosis in the large intracerebral vessels, in addition to a sudden rise in blood pressure.
Adult↗
[Delayed cerebral radionecrosis associated with brain edema].
In a patient with a delayed cerebral radionecrosis, we examined the ultrastructural changes of capillaries and discussed the cause of the development of severe brain edema which is one of specific features of the radionecrosis. A 42-year-old male was found to have cerebral radionecrosis two and one-half years following split-course radiotherapy which was done after subtotal excision of a left parasagittal meningioma. The surgical specimens were studied with conventional ultrathin section and freeze-fracture replica techniques. The common characteristics of capillary endothelia were attenuation of its electron density, less degree of surface infolding, irregular thin and thick width, increased pinocytotic vesicles which were calculated as 37 per square micron with replica preparations. The discontinuity of endothelia was also revealed. The basal laminae were irregular in thickness. The pericapillary space was markedly enlarged. A fibrin-like substance accumulated in the extravascular space. Inflammatory cells also infiltrated the pericapillary zone. The tight junctions were preserved. The intercellular junctions were composed of 5 strands which appeared to be a continuous array of particles. We concluded that activated pinocytotic vesicles (vesicular transport) played an important role in increasing the permeability in the vessels of delayed cerebral radionecrosis, in addition to a possible leakage through discontinuity of endothelia.
Adult↗
[Ultrastructure of capillary permeability in human brain tumor--Part 6: Metastatic brain tumor with brain edema].
Metastatic brain tumors very often cause severe brain edema. We examined ultrastructural findings of capillaries of these tumors and discussed the causes of cerebral edema as compared with those of glioblastoma which were previously reported. Four specimens were examined: two adenocarcinomas from the lung, one squamous cell carcinoma from the lung and one adenocarcinoma from the breast. These replicas and ultrathin sections were examined by transmission electron microscope. The following characteristic structures were detected; the capillary endothelium was proliferated, had marked infolding, and an increased number of pinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles. Short and elongate intercellular junctions were present. No open junction was detected. The basal lamina lost its three layered appearance and was irregular in width. Among these, an appearance of capillary fenestration was the most conspicuous features and observed in almost all capillaries. Two different pathogenesis for making vasogenic edema are proposed in metastatic brain tumor and glioblastoma. The frequent fenestration of the former and activated pinocytotic vesicles of the latter are responsible for extravasation of the edema fluid. The differences in distribution patterns of fenestration in metastatic brain tumor cannot be identified with respect to histological types.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Effects of calcium ions on glucose utilization in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro.
The role of calcium ions in maintenance of the circadian rhythm in glucose utilization in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus was investigated in vitro in a rat hypothalamic slice preparation using the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method. In normal Krebs solution, 2-DG uptake of adult and embryonic day 22 rat SCN was higher in subjective day than in subjective night. In calcium-free Krebs solution, however, 2-DG uptake of adult and embryonic SCN was low in both subjective day and night periods. These results indicate that the SCN rhythm in metabolic activity is dependent on calcium ions in both adult and embryonic rats. Since immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of synapse formation has shown very few synapses in the SCN of embryonic day 22 rats, it is suggested that the development and maintenance of the circadian rhythm in metabolism demonstrated by the 2-DG method depends on intracellular calcium-mediated events rather than synaptic transmission.
Animals↗
Direct activation by okadaic acid of the contractile elements in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli.
Okadaic acid isolated from black sponge (Halichondria okadai), at the concentration of 10 mumol/l, caused contraction in saponin-treated skinned smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia coli in the absence of Ca2+. In the presence of low concentration (0.3 mumol/l) of Ca2+, okadaic acid induced a greater contraction than in the absence of Ca2+. Okadaic acid potentiated the contractions induced by Ca2+ and pCa2+-tension curve was shifted to the left as well as upward by 1 mumol/l okadaic acid. Native actomyosin preparation (myosin B) containing calmodulinmyosin light chain kinase system and phosphatase was obtained from taenia coli. Okadaic acid (10 mumol/l) increased the actomyosin Mg2+-ATPase activity in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Okadaic acid (1-100 mumol/l) had no effect on calmodulin activity as monitored by Ca2+-calmodulin activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity or erythrocyte membranes. These results suggest that okadaic acid directly activates contractile elements of smooth muscle.
Animals↗
Randomized controlled study of the effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with Picibanil on 51 malignant gliomas.
During the period from January 1981 to December 1983, two groups of a total of 51 patients (31 malignant astrocytomas, 17 glioblastomas, and 3 others) were treated with radioimmunochemotherapy using nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) plus Picibanil (OK-432) (group A) and radiochemotherapy with ACNU only (group B) in a randomized controlled study. Group A consisted of 24 patients and group B of 27 patients. The differences in the background of the two groups were not statistically significant. Survival curves of both groups were shown by the Kaplan-Meier method. The postoperative survival rate at 1 year and 3 years was 70% and 30%, respectively, equal in both groups, and the differences between groups A and B were not statistically significant by the Cox-Mantel test. The side effects seen in group B were most prominent in the bone marrow, and severe leukopenia occurred. However, in group A leukopenia was suppressed after 2 months. Immunologic parameters, such as the purified protein derivative skin reaction test, did not change, but the streptococcus pyogenes Su-strain polysaccharide skin-reaction test became more positive after therapy in group A.
Adult↗
Development of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
The development of function was studied in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by analyzing the rate and pattern of neuronal discharge in vitro from embryonic day 22 (E22) to postnatal day 14 (P14), and comparing these with adult SCN. The firing rate of SCN neurons on E22 is low but there is a clear circadian rhythm with subjective day values (1.6 +/- 0.2 impulses/s) significantly higher than those for subjective night (0.9 +/- 0.2 impulses/s). At E22 most neurons show an irregular firing pattern. The firing rate of SCN neurons gradually increases from E22 to P14 with emergence of patterns of firing of individual neurons that approximate those of adult SCN. In calcium-free medium the firing rate of SCN neurons at P1 is reduced and the circadian rhythm in firing rate is abolished. These results demonstrate that SCN neurons exhibit a circadian rhythm in firing rate early in development, largely prior to the formation of synaptic contacts within the SCN, and indicate that expression of the rhythm requires the presence of calcium ions.
Action Potentials↗
An anti-emetic principle of Pinellia ternata tuber.
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Animals↗
Human recombinant TNF suppresses lipoprotein lipase activity and stimulates lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been reported to be identical to "cachectin," a monokine which we have previously proposed as a mediator of the enhanced catabolism observed in patients or animals responding to various invasive stimuli such as infections. Detailed quantitative studies were conducted on the effects of TNF on fatty acid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells in order to explore the extent of the catabolic effects exerted by TNF compared with those by the crude cachectin. 3T3-L1 adipocytes responded to recombinant human TNF, showing a decrease in LPL activity and an increase in intracellular lipolysis. When TNF in the crude cachectin preparation was completely neutralized with anti-TNF antibody, about 75% of LPL suppression activity in the crude cachectin was absorbed, indicating that most of the mediator responsible for LPL suppression in the crude preparation is TNF. In contrast to the above effect on LPL, TNF markedly increased the lipolysis of stored fat in the cells. The effect on LPL was observed as early as 2 h after the addition of TNF, but enhancement of lipolysis required a time lag of at least 3 h before any increase of glycerol release became apparent. The effective concentrations of TNF for the stimulation of lipolysis were much higher (2.5 to 49 nM) than those for LPL suppression (50 pM to 50 nM), but both were in the same range as the concentration required for tumoricidal effect. These results demonstrate that cachectin is synonymous with TNF and that it plays an important role in the pathophysiology of deranged lipid metabolism through both suppression of LPL and enhancement of lipolysis in patients coping with invasive conditions such as infections.
Adipose Tissue↗
Inactivation of influenza B virus by normal guinea-pig serum.
Normal guinea-pig serum (GPS) lacking detectable antiviral antibody efficiently neutralized the infectivity of influenza B virus grown in chick embryos or MDCK cells. The inhibitor was heat-labile and sensitive to trypsin digestion. This beta-like inhibitor required Ca2+ and the complement components C1 and C4 for its activity. In contrast, GPS did not inactivate influenza A virus. Influenza B virus from which the neuraminidase activity of the spikes on the viral envelope had been eliminated by trypsin digestion was also inactivated to a level comparable to untreated virus. Complement component C1 alone bound directly to influenza B virus and inhibited its haemagglutinin activity. We suggest that the beta-like inhibitor in GPS is a component of the classical complement pathway which is triggered by the protein moiety of influenza B virus haemagglutinin, leading to virus neutralization.
Animals↗
Photonuclear spallation reactions in Cu.
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Journal Article↗
Differential inhibitory effects of nicorandil, a new antiangina agent, on the contractile responses to alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists in isolated rabbit renal and femoral arteries.
In the renal and femoral artery, nicorandil (10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l) had a much greater inhibitory effect on the responses to clonidine (CL) and BHT-920 than on the response to methoxamine (MO) but the inhibitory action of nifedipine on the responses was no different. In the presence of nifedipine, nicorandil further inhibited the responses to all agonists. In the tissue pretreated with phenoxybenzamine, nicorandil inhibited the residual maximum response to MO in the femoral artery but not in the renal artery. Nicorandil had no effect on the residual response to high concentrations of MO in the renal artery pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and nifedipine. Relationship between maximum contraction and percent-receptor occupancy was found to be nonlinear for MO but was close to linear for CL. The inhibitory effect (pA2) of prazosin on MO and CL was much greater than that of yohimbine. In both preparations, nicorandil had only a slight inhibitory effect on the responses to potassium and Ca2+. It is concluded that the responses induced by MO, CL and BHT are due to activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors and that the differential effect of nicorandil on the responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-agonists may be the result of differences in the amount of receptor reserves and/or efficacy of receptor-contraction coupling that exists for MO, CL and BHT.
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
Unique vasocontraction of okadaic acid isolated from black sponge, independent of extracellular Ca2+.
Okadaic acid (OA) isolated from black sponge (Halichondria) caused tonic contractions of human umbilical arteries and rabbit aorta both in the presence and absence of Ca2+. This tonic contraction was not affected by Ca2+ chelator, Ca2+ entry blockers and La3+. In addition, the antagonists of alpha-adrenoceptors, histamine, serotonin and ACh receptors had no effect on the OA-induced contraction. High K, ouabain and indomethacin failed to inhibit the response to OA. However, the combination of anaerobic conditions and absence of glucose abolished the response to OA. OA had no effect on the myosin B ATPase and saponin-treated skinned fibers of rabbit aorta. The contractile action of OA may not also be related to calmodulin-related PDE and mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, although the precise mode of action is not evident at the present time, OA, in its unique pharmacological action--that of producing sustained contraction independent of extracellular Ca2+--may alter the handling of Ca2+ to intracellular store sites.
Animals↗
Nephritogenic glycoprotein. XI. Comparison of humoral immune responses in rats injected with nephritogenoside and those given Heymann antigen.
A single footpad injection of a triglycosyl glycopeptide (nephritogenoside, NG) isolated from rat glomerular basement membrane can induce proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN) in homologous animals, resulting in contracted kidney. On the other hand, it is well known that administration of rat tubular brush border antigen (Fx1A) causes a membranous glomerulonephritis (MG) in homologous animals. When a partially purified NG (crude NG, cNG) is injected in rats, a mixed lesion of PGN and MG resulted. To investigate the correlation between renal glomerular lesions and humoral immune responses in animals given NG and cNG, levels of antibodies to cNG and Fx1A, and those of immune complexes (ICs) are measured in sera from animals of these experimental groups using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant levels of antibodies to cNG and Fx1A and those of ICs are detected in all groups of rats injected with cNG, Fx1A and pronase-digested Fx1A. It was revealed that antibodies to cNG in sera from rats injected with cNG, Fx1A and pronase-digested Fx1A recognize the common epitopes shared with Fx1A. On the other hand, neither antibodies nor ICs are detected in rats injected with NG, suggesting that humoral immune mechanisms may not play a leading role in the pathogenesis of NG-induced glomerulonephritis.
Animals↗
Nephritogenic glycoprotein. XII. Focal glomerulonephritis with myeloid bodies produced in rats by synthetic analogues of the glycopeptide, nephritogenoside.
Glomerular lesions were successfully induced in rats by a single footpad injection of synthetic analogues of nephritogenoside [alpha-Glc-(1----6)-alpha-Glc-(1-NHCO-Asn, and -Gln)]. Characteristic morphological changes of these glomerular lesions are (1) focal glomerulonephritis (FGN) and (2) the appearance of myeloid bodies in the epithelial cells of the podocytes. FGN produced by a single injection of the synthetic analogues of nephritogenoside may provide an experimental animal model of this potentially diffuse disease, since morphological changes in the early stage of sclerosing glomerulonephritis (end-stage kidney) induced by a single footpad injection of natural nephritogenoside are often identical to those of FGN.
Animals↗
A new forced swimming test for the evaluation of antidepressants in rats by recording vibration of a water tank.
In order to more objectively evaluate drug effects in the forced swimming test proposed by Porsolt et al. as a screening method for antidepressants, vibrations of the wall of a tank caused by rats trying to escape from water were recorded. Locomotor activity was also measured in an activity cage. Male Wistar rats were forced to swim once daily for 15 min in a tank of 25 degrees C water filled to a depth of 20 cm. After 4 d sessions of swimming, drugs were administered i.p. 3 times (24, 5 and 1 h prior to the test session). On day 5, 45 min after the last injection of a test drug, locomotor activity was measured for 15 min and then the rat was subjected to the forced swimming test. All antidepressants tested, dose-dependently increased tank vibration. Nomifensine, atropine, methamphetamine, chlorpheniramine and diazepam increased locomotor activity. The remaining drugs had no effect or reduced locomotion. In addition, the pattern of the tank vibrations, caused by rats treated with most drugs, like atropine, showed a burst during the first 5 min followed by sporadic vibrations. Nomifensine and methamphetamine, on the other hand, caused vibrations throughout the 15 min test session. A specific effect of antidepressants was revealed by this forced swimming test in combination with the measurement of locomotor activity.
Animals↗