Biomedical subjects

S Shea

Publications and source records attributed to S Shea.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2002

Loci for CETP, LPL, LIPC, and APOC3 affect plasma lipoprotein size and sub-population distribution in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white subjects: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The effect of genetic variation on plasma lipoproteins and their subfraction distribution was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty Hispanic men and 223 women and 42 non-Hispanic white men and 53 women participated in the study. Genotypes for cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP TaqIB), hepatic lipase (LIPC -480 C > T), lipoprotein lipase (LPL S447X), and apolipoprotein CIII (APOC3--455T > C) were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Lipoprotein particle size distribution was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. For all but APOC3, genotype effects were homogeneous in the ethnic/racial groups and men and women. Effects were seen primarily in the women. Compared to women carriers of the common CETP B1 allele, B2B2 women had significantly higher plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (16.4.0%, p = 0.001), reflected in the level of larger HDL particles (21.9%, p = 0.001), and larger mean particle size of HDL (2.3%, p = 0.01) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (1.3%, p = 0.02). Compared to LPL 447S homozygous women carriers of the LPL 447X allele had significantly lower levels of very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) (21.0%, p = 0.02). For APOC3, there was significant gender:genotype interaction with the genotype differences seen only in the men. Compared to men homozygous for the -455T allele, carriers of -455C had higher levels of VLDL-TG (71.4%, p = 0.0001), reflected in a larger mean VLDL particle size (13.7%, p = 0.009). LIPC genotype was not associated with significant effects on any of these traits. CONCLUSION: These data confirm the role of genetic variants of CETP, LPL and APOC3 in determining the relationship between VLDL, LDL and HDL particles.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Antibiotic use and risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly.

PURPOSE: To determine whether treating infections with antibiotics that have antichlamydial activity decreases the risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly. SUBJECTS: We analyzed data from 199 553 subjects 65 years and older in a health care claims database who had continuous health and pharmacy coverage for at least 2 years between January 1, 1991, and September 30, 1997. Using proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates for prior antibiotic prescription and adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, we determined the associations between antibiotic use and first claim for ischemic stroke (n = 7,335) during the observation period. RESULTS: Rates of stroke (per 1,000 person-years) were 6.64 for macrolides, 9.27 for quinolones, 7.49 for tetracyclines, 6.88 for penicillins, 7.97 for cephalosporins, 8.58 for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 7.29 for subjects with no antibiotic claims. The adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87 to 1.01) for macrolides, 1.04 (95% CI: 0.91 to 1.18) for tetracyclines, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.08) for penicillins, and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.82 to 1.22) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Subjects with claims for quinolone antibiotics (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.26) and cephalosporins (HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.16) had a slightly higher risk of stroke. CONCLUSION: Exposures to short courses of antibiotics are not associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke in patients aged 65 years and older.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort.

Research on the relation between diabetes mellitus and dementia has produced conflicting results, and the relation has not been investigated among Blacks and Hispanics. In this study, Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze longitudinal data from 1,262 elderly subjects without dementia at baseline (1991-1996) who were followed for an average of 4.3 years between 1992 and 1997. Outcomes were incident Alzheimer's disease and dementia associated with stroke. The prevalence of diabetes was 20% at baseline. The adjusted relative risk of Alzheimer's disease among persons with diabetes as compared with those without diabetes was 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 1.9). The adjusted relative risk for the composite outcome of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment without dementia (without stroke) in subjects with diabetes was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.1). The adjusted relative risk of stroke-associated dementia in persons with diabetes was 3.4 (95% CI: 1.7, 6.9). Among Blacks and Hispanics, approximately one third of the risk of stroke-associated dementia was attributable to diabetes (33% (95% CI: 31, 36) and 36% (95% CI: 33, 37), respectively), as compared with 17% (95% CI: 13, 22) among Whites. The finding of an association between diabetes and the composite outcome of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment without dementia (without stroke) is consistent with prior reports of a modest relation between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2001

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.

CONTEXT: Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been shown to be protective against cardiovascular disease. However, the association of specific lipoprotein classes and ischemic stroke has not been well defined, particularly in higher-risk minority populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HDL-C and ischemic stroke in an elderly, racially or ethnically diverse population. DESIGN: Population-based, incident case-control study conducted July 1993 through June 1997. SETTING: A multiethnic community in northern Manhattan, New York, NY. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n = 539) of first ischemic stroke (67% aged >/=65 years; 55% women; 53% Hispanic, 28% black, and 19% white) were enrolled and matched by age, sex, and race or ethnicity to stroke-free community residents (controls; n = 905). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Independent association of fasting HDL-C levels, determined at enrollment, with ischemic stroke, including atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic ischemic stroke subtypes. RESULTS: After risk factor adjustment, a protective effect was observed for HDL-C levels of at least 35 mg/dL (0.91 mmol/L) (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.72). A dose-response relationship was observed (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90 and OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.21-0.46) for HDL-C levels of 35 to 49 mg/dL (0.91-1.28 mmol/L) and at least 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L), respectively. The protective effect of a higher HDL-C level was significant among participants aged 75 years or older (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.94), was more potent for the atherosclerotic stroke subtype (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.50), and was present in all 3 racial or ethnic groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: Increased HDL-C levels are associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly and among different racial or ethnic groups. These data add to the evidence relating lipids to stroke and support HDL-C as an important modifiable stroke risk factor.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Knowledge, beliefs, and barriers relevant to colorectal cancer screening in an urban population: a pilot study.

A sample of 115 urban, working-class, predominantly minority men and women was interviewed by telephone to assess knowledge, beliefs, and barriers relevant to colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC screening. More than half (53.9%) were unable to name a CRC screening test. Misconceptions were common. Dispelling inaccurate beliefs, establishing an individual's preference for fecal occult blood tests or flexible sigmoidoscopy, and helping individuals take a proactive role in the receipt of CRC screening are important goals for health education efforts aimed at increasing rates of CRC screening. Participants' willingness to engage in detailed telephone conversations about CRC and CRC screening was encouraging.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Preventive services among Medicare beneficiaries with supplemental coverage versus HMO enrollees, medicaid recipients, and elders with no additional coverage.

BACKGROUND: Studies conducted when Medicare began to cover preventive services, found that beneficiaries with supplemental insurance were much more likely to have such services than those without additional coverage. OBJECTIVE: To examine preventive services among Medicare beneficiaries with supplemental insurance, Medicaid, health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollees, and those without additional insurance. RESEARCH DESIGN: Analysis of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative multistage survey. SUBJECTS: 2,251 persons aged 65 and older with Medicare coverage. MEASURES: Self-reported preventive services, specifically, blood pressure measurement, cholesterol testing, influenza vaccination, mammography, Papanicolau (Pap) testing, and breast and prostate examinations. Multivariate modeling was used to adjust for age, education, race/ethnicity, and functional status. RESULTS: Elders without additional coverage were approximately 10% points less likely to have influenza vaccination, cholesterol testing, mammography, or Pap smears than those with supplemental coverage (P < 0.05). Multivariate adjustment attenuated some of these differences with age and education being the most important predictors of having preventive services. HMO enrollees were more likely to have mammograms than those with supplemental coverage (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Several years after Medicare extended coverage to include preventive services, differences in utilization of such services among elders with and without supplemental insurance have narrowed substantially.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Race-ethnic disparities in the impact of stroke risk factors: the northern Manhattan stroke study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke risk factors have been determined in large part through epidemiological studies in white cohorts; as a result, race-ethnic disparities in stroke incidence and mortality rates remained unexplained. The aim in the present study was to compare the prevalence, OR, and etiological fraction (EF) of stroke risk factors among white, blacks, and Caribbean Hispanics living in the same urban community of northern Manhattan. METHODS: In this population-based incident case-control study, cases (n=688) of first ischemic stroke were prospectively matched 1:2 by age, sex, and race-ethnicity with community controls (n=1156). Risk factors were determined through in-person assessment. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted ORs in each race-ethnic group. Prevalence and multivariate EFs were determined in each race-ethnic group. RESULTS: Hypertension was an independent risk factor for whites (OR 1.8, EF 25%), blacks (OR 2.0, EF 37%), and Caribbean Hispanics (OR 2.1, EF 32%), but greater prevalence led to elevated EFs among blacks and Caribbean Hispanics. Greater prevalence rates of diabetes increased stroke risk in blacks (OR 1.8, EF 14%) and Caribbean Hispanics (OR 2.1 P<0.05, EF 10%) compared with whites (OR 1.0, EF 0%), whereas atrial fibrillation had a greater prevalence and EF for whites (OR 4.4, EF 20%) compared with blacks (OR 1.7, EF 3%) and Caribbean Hispanics (OR 3.0, EF 2%). Coronary artery disease was most important for whites (OR 1.3, EF 16%), followed by Caribbean Hispanics (OR 1.5, EF 6%) and then blacks (OR 1.1, EF 2%). Prevalence of physical inactivity was greater in Caribbean Hispanics, but an elevated EF was found in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence, OR, and EF for stroke risk factors vary by race-ethnicity. These differences are crucial to the etiology of stroke, as well as to the design and implementation of stroke prevention programs.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Age-related effects of genetic variation on lipid levels: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the genotype:phenotype association in children compared with their parents. METHODS: Variations at 4 key gene loci, namely lipoprotein lipase (LPL S447X), hepatic lipase (HL -480C>T), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP TaqIB), and apolipoprotein CIII (APOC3 -455T>C and -482C>T), were examined in children (n = 495) and their parents (n = 353) in the Columbia University BioMarkers Study, 1994 to 1998. RESULTS: The frequencies of the rare alleles of the HL -480C>T and APOC3 -455T>C and -482C>T (but not LPL S447X or CETP TaqIB) were significantly lower in non-Hispanic white participants compared with Hispanics. Overall, genotype effects seen in the adults were weaker in the children, although similar trends were seen. In an examination of the effect of body fat on the genotypic effects in the children, there was significant HL -480C>T:sum of skinfold interaction. CONCLUSIONS: All genotypes were associated with clear relationships to plasma lipid levels in adults, but the effects were weaker in their children, unless stressed by body fat. atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, child, lipids, genetics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Calcium intake in preschool children--a study of dietary patterns in a low socioeconomic community.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of published data on sources and quantity of calcium intake in preschool children. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess calcium intake compared with the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), to identify major food sources of calcium, and to compare dietary patterns of healthy preschool children who do and do not meet the calcium DRI. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary care pediatrics practice at a large urban medical center. SUBJECTS: A group of 228 children aged 44 to 60 months in a low socioeconomic community. METHODS: Diet was assessed using three or four 24-hour recalls administered approximately three months apart to the parents. Nutrient values were computed using a dietary analysis program based on USDA values. RESULTS: Mean daily calcium intake was 852 mg/day (S.D., 271) and 44% reported mean calcium intake less than the DRI of 800 mg/day. Milk consumption accounted for 64.3% and cheese for 6.7% of the daily calcium intake. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, and total caloric intake confirmed the main contribution of mainly milk and, to a much lesser extent, cheese consumption, as determinants of calcium intake. All of the children who consumed less than 1.2 servings of milk (288 ml) milk per day reported mean daily calcium intake below the DRI. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium intake below the DRI may be common in preschool children in low socioeconomic communities, and is associated primarily with lower milk intake. These findings indicate the need to promote the consumption of low-fat milk in preschool children.

Bone Density↗

PubMed2001

Making grandma's data secure: a security architecture for home telemedicine.

Home telemedicine presents special challenges for data security and privacy. Experience in the Informatics for Diabetes Education And Telemedicine (IDEATel) project has demonstrated that data security is not a one-size-fits-all problem. The IDEATel users include elderly patients in their homes, nurse case managers, physicians, and researchers. The project supports multiple computer systems that require a variety of user interactions, including: data entry, data review, patient education, videoconferencing, and electronic monitoring. To meet these various needs, a number of different of security solutions were utilized, including: UserID/Password, PKI certificates, time-based tokens, IP filtering, VPNs, symmetric and asymmetric encryption schemes, firewalls and dedicated connections. These were combined in different ways to meet the needs of each user groups.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Inverse association of physical fitness with plasma fibrinogen level in children: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study.

Plasma fibrinogen has emerged as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adults, but relatively little is known about the correlates of plasma fibrinogen level in childhood. In the Columbia University BioMarkers Study (1994-1998), the authors evaluated the association between physical fitness and plasma fibrinogen level in 193 children 4-25 years old; 68% were Hispanic and 46% male. Fitness level assessed by treadmill testing was inversely associated with plasma fibrinogen (r = -0.24, p<0.001). Plasma fibrinogen levels showed a graded inverse relation with tertiles of fitness assessed by treadmill (p<0.001). In multivariate analyses, after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and presence of the A allele in the -455 position of the beta-fibrinogen promoter gene, the fitness level remained inversely associated with plasma fibrinogen level (beta = -1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.3, -0.34). Resting heart rate was also correlated with plasma fibrinogen level (r = 0.18, p<0.05). Fibrinogen levels (mg/dl) increased over tertiles of resting heart rate (p = 0.002) and were significantly associated with resting heart rate in multivariate analysis (beta = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.17, 1.5). These findings indicate that plasma fibrinogen is inversely associated with physical fitness in children independent of body mass index.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Collaborative multidisciplinary workshop report: clinical antimicrobial trials for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

The task assigned to the working group on Clinical Antimicrobial Trials for Primary and/or Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease was to evaluate the need for additional clinical antibiotic trials of a primary or secondary nature for the treatment of atherosclerotic heart disease and to suggest possible designs for future trials. In addition, the working group was to define the role of collaboration in answering research questions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

Predictors of postprandial triacylglycerol response in children: the Columbia University Biomarkers Study.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of postprandial lipemia have not been explored in children. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether the postprandial triacylglycerol response is associated with low HDL-cholesterol and high fasting triacylglycerol concentrations and family history of early-onset ischemic heart disease (IHD) in children. DESIGN: We administered a standardized fat load (52.5 g fat/m(2)) to 60 children (mean age: 14.0 y), 20 with and 40 without a family history of early-onset IHD, and to 29 mothers, all recruited from families enrolled in the Columbia University Biomarkers Study. Plasma lipid and retinyl palmitate concentrations were measured in the fasting state and 3, 6, and 8 h after the oral fat load. RESULTS: In children, postprandial lipemia, as indicated by the incremental area under the triacylglycerol response curve, was associated with elevated fasting triacylglycerol concentrations (>/=1.13 mmol/L; P: < 0.01), with low fasting HDL-cholesterol concentrations (</=0.91 mmol/L; P: < 0.01), and with the combination of low HDL-cholesterol and high triacylglycerol concentrations (P: < 0.05). Family history of IHD, baseline LDL-cholesterol concentration, and apolipoprotein E genotype were not associated with the postprandial triacylglycerol or retinyl palmitate response. The mothers had fasting triacylglycerol concentrations similar to those of their children but a more prolonged response with higher triacylglycerol concentrations at 6 and 8 h (P: < 0.01 and P: < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In children, a delayed postprandial triacylglycerol response to a fat load is associated with the combination of high fasting triacylglycerol and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Predictors of postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations may be similar in children and adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Rapid westernization of children's blood cholesterol in 3 countries: evidence for nutrient-gene interactions?

The aim of this study was to examine potential factors that modify blood cholesterol among children in countries in which dietary and lifestyle habits are becoming westernized. Population data on serum total and lipoprotein cholesterol, anthropometric indexes, and dietary intake were reviewed and compared for children aged 1-18 y from Japan, Spain, and the United States. The data show that total serum cholesterol in Japanese and Spanish children recently exceeded the 75th percentile for US children, primarily reflecting LDL cholesterol, although both LDL and HDL cholesterol contributed. Adiposity indexes do not explain the trends observed. Total and saturated fat intakes increased substantially in both Japan and Spain but in Japan are still lower than intakes in the United States. The Hegsted equation was used to relate differences in serum cholesterol to dietary fat intake. Changes in total serum cholesterol followed established dietary correlations among children in Spain, but not in Japan. Serum cholesterol in Japanese children was predicted to be 0.20-0.32 mmol/L lower than in US children; actual concentrations were considerably higher. These results suggest that a rapid westernization of children's blood cholesterol concentrations has occurred in Japan and Spain. Changes in fat intake predict changes in blood cholesterol in Spain, but not in Japan. Differences in genetic response to diet in certain populations, such as the Japanese, may explain higher blood cholesterol concentrations with lower fat intakes compared with the United States.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Differences in functional status of Hispanic versus non-Hispanic White elders: data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

OBJECTIVES: Few national studies have focused specifically on the functional status of Hispanic elders. We examined the prevalence of functional limitations and disabilities among Hispanic and Black elders compared to non-Hispanic Whites. METHODS: We analyzed seven measures of functional limitations, disabilities, and dependencies. Logistic regression was used to examine racial and ethnic group differences adjusting for age, gender, and education. RESULTS: Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics tended to report greater instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) dependencies and cognitive disabilities. Blacks were more likely to have activities of daily living (ADL) and IADL dependencies and require use of assistive devices compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Further adjustment for respondent status reduced differences between groups, but these models may overadjust for functional status differences. DISCUSSION: Given the projected growth of minority elders, policymakers and planners will need to consider race and ethnic differentials in functional status in determining future medical and social service needs.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

Apolipoprotein epsilon2 allele is associated with an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile in children: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study.

OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between allelic variation in the apo epsilon gene, which codes for apolipoprotein E, and plasma lipid levels in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed genotype and fasting lipid levels, including lipid particle size by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in 515 children from 297 families. RESULTS: Children carrying the apo epsilon2 allele (1 or 2 epsilon2 alleles; n = 45) had higher mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (49.5 +/- 13.0 vs 42.4 +/- 8.9 mg/dL) and lower mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level (82.2 +/- 48.6 vs 105.9 +/- 45.0 mg/dL) compared with apo epsilon3/epsilon3 children (n = 322). Mean HDL size was larger and mean level of the atheroprotective large HDL subpopulation was higher among apo epsilon2 carriers compared with epsilon3/epsilon3 children (9.5 +/- 0.4 vs 9.3 +/-.4 nm, and 32.8 +/- 9.9 vs 27.6 +/- 8.2 mg/dL). In multivariate models adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, family history, body mass index, and fasting triglyceride level, the apo epsilon2 allele was independently predictive of higher levels of HDL cholesterol and the large HDL subpopulation and of lower level of LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The apo epsilon2 allele is associated with an anti-atherogenic lipid pattern in children.apolipoprotein epsilon, children, cholesterol.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Health insurance coverage of immigrants living in the United States: differences by citizenship status and country of origin.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined health insurance coverage among immigrants who are not US citizens and among individuals from the 16 countries with the largest number of immigrants living in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 1998 Current Population Survey, using logistic regression to standardize rates of employer-sponsored coverage by country of origin. RESULTS: In 1997, 16.7 million immigrants were not US citizens. Among non-citizens, 43% of children and 12% of elders lacked health insurance, compared with 14% of non-immigrant children and 1% of non-immigrant elders. Approximately 50% of non-citizen full-time workers had employer-sponsored coverage, compared with 81% of non-immigrant full-time workers. Immigrants from Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador, Haiti, Korea, and Vietnam were the most likely to be uninsured. Among immigrants who worked full-time, sociodemographic and employment characteristics accounted for most of the variation in employer health insurance. For Central American immigrants, legal status may play a role in high un-insurance rates. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrants who are not US citizens are much less likely to receive employer-sponsored health insurance or government coverage; 44% are uninsured. Ongoing debates on health insurance reform and efforts to improve coverage will need to focus attention on this group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Relations of plasma fibrinogen level in children to measures of obesity, the (G-455-->A) mutation in the beta-fibrinogen promoter gene, and family history of ischemic heart disease: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study.

Higher plasma fibrinogen levels are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction in adults, but little is known about factors that influence fibrinogen levels in childhood. The authors examined the associations of measures of obesity, presence of the (G-455-->A) allele in the beta-fibrinogen promoter gene, and family history of early onset of ischemic heart disease with plasma fibrinogen levels in children. Children (n = 299) were recruited during 1994-1997 from 276 families living in a racially mixed area of New York City. The mean age of the study children was 9.9 years; 79% were Hispanic. The frequency of the (G-455-->A) allele was lower in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic Whites (15.5% vs. 28.3% in children (p < 0.01) and 13.9% vs. 28.3% in parents (p < 0.001)). Graded relations of children's plasma fibrinogen levels were found with tertiles of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) and sum of skinfolds (tests for linear trend: p < 0.001). Plasma fibrinogen levels in the children were not related to race/ethnicity, presence of the (G-455-->A) allele, or family history. Multiple linear regression analyses adjusting plasma fibrinogen levels for age, sex, race/ethnicity, the (G-455-->A) allele, and family history of early onset of heart disease showed a significant association with either body mass index or sum of skinfolds (p < 0.001 for both models) but not with the other variables.

Adolescent↗