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Biomedical subjects

S Segev

Publications and source records attributed to S Segev.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Are overground or treadmill runners more likely to sustain tibial stress fracture?

BACKGROUND: Repetitive high bone strain and/or strain rates, such as those that occur during running, contribute to stress fractures as well as promoting maintenance of or increase in bone mass. Kinematic differences are known to exist between overground and treadmill running and these may be reflected in different bone strains and strain rates during the two running techniques. AIM: To measure in vivo strains and strain rates in human tibia during treadmill and overground running and determine if there are significant differences in strain and strain rate levels between the two running techniques. METHODS: A strain gauged bone staple was mounted percutaneously along the axial direction in the mid diaphysis of the medial tibia in three subjects, and in vivo tibial strains were measured during treadmill and overground running at 11 km/h. RESULTS: Axial compression strains (p<0.0001), tension strains (p<0.001), compression strain rates (p<0.0001), and tension strain rates (p<0.0001) were 48-285% higher during overground running than during treadmill running. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of lower in vivo strains and strain rates, treadmill runners are at lower risk of developing tibial stress fractures, but less likely to achieve tibial bone strengthening, than overground runners.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effect of Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin on the trans-epithelial intestinal elimination of ciprofloxacin in the rabbit.

The effect of Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (ST) on the intestinal trans-epithelial elimination of ciprofloxacin was studied in the rabbit model. Following a systemic 27 mg/kg dose, excreted amounts of ciprofloxacin during the 2 h experiment were: 9.3 (+/- 4.8); 12.5 (+/- 5.2) and 0.3 (+/- 0.1) microg/cm(2) surface of intestinal wall in ST-challenged jejunal, ileal and caecal loops, respectively. In control loops the corresponding amounts were: 5.0 (+/- 2.8), 6.5 (+/- 3.4) and 0.3 (+/- 0.1) microg/cm(2), respectively. The trans-epithelial elimination of ciprofloxacin was significantly higher in ST-challenged small bowel loops than in controls while caecal elimination was negligible.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Trans-epithelial intestinal elimination of moxifloxacin in rabbits.

The intestinal trans-epithelial elimination of moxifloxacin was measured in the jejunum, ileum, caecum and in the bile in a rabbit model. Over a 120 min period following a single parenteral administration of moxifloxacin 15 mg/kg, peak serum concentration was 3.1 (+/- 1.1) mg/L. The elimination constants were: 0.019 (+/- 0. 017) microg/cm(2)/min, 0.011 (+/- 0.014) microg/cm(2)/min and 0.002 (+/- 0.002) microg/cm(2)/min in the jejunum, ileum and caecum, respectively. Per loop, over 120 min, the respective eliminated quantities were: 9.59 (+/- 9.37) microg, 8.26 (+/- 6.74) microg and 1.92 (+/- 1.86) microg. Biliary moxifloxacin concentrations varied between 1.30 and 5.16 mg/L and exceeded serum levels from 45 min onwards. Intestinal concentrations paralleled serum moxifloxacin levels. Altogether, approximately 4.5% of the moxifloxacin dose was eliminated trans-epithelially in the digestive tract over the 120 min experimental period.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Safety of long-term therapy with ciprofloxacin: data analysis of controlled clinical trials and review.

We reviewed the literature and the manufacturer's U.S. clinical data pool for safety data on long-term administration of ciprofloxacin (Bayer, West Haven, CT). Only controlled clinical trials including patients treated for >30 days were selected. We identified 636 patients by literature search and 413 patients in the Bayer U.S. database who fulfilled our search criteria; the average treatment duration for these patients was 130 and 80 days, respectively. Main indications for long-term therapy were osteomyelitis, skin and soft-tissue infection, prophylaxis for urinary tract infection, mycobacterial infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. Adverse events, premature discontinuation of therapy, and deaths occurred at a similar frequency in both treatment arms. Most adverse events occurred early during therapy with little increase in frequency over time. As with short-term therapy, gastrointestinal events were more frequent than central nervous system or skin reactions, but pseudomembranous colitis was not observed. No previously unknown adverse events were noted. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is tolerated as well as other antibiotics when extended courses of therapy are required.

Arthritis, Reactive↗
PubMed1998

[Prevalence of pigmentary dispersion syndrome in Israel].

Pigmentary dispersion syndrome is a precursor of pigmentary glaucoma whose prevalence in the urban population of USA was found to be 2.45%. We evaluated its prevalence during ocular screening examinations among normal Israelis. We screened for excessive pigmentation on the corneal endothelium with the slit-lamp and determined in each patient best corrected visual acuity, intra-ocular pressure (after mydriasis), condition of the anterior segment, cup-disk ratio, posterior segment abnormalities and questioned about history of any ocular disease and family history of glaucoma. 374 patients (mean age 49 +/- 11) were examined on 10 consecutive days. In 5.9% excessive corneal endothelial pigmentation was found. Intra-ocular pressure (after mydriasis) averaged 15.52 +/- 1.93 mm Hg as compared to 14.73 +/- 2.04 among the rest of our study population, (p = 0.01). The prevalence of suspected pigmentary dispersion syndrome among young adults in Israelis is high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sparfloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a pooled data analysis of two studies.

A pooled data analysis of two double-blind studies encompassing 1137 episodes of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised adults, of which 560 were treated with sparfloxacin and 577 were randomised to comparator antibacterial agents (amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, erythromycin or amoxycillin administered at reference dosages), was performed. The global efficacy rate at the end of treatment in evaluable patients treated with sparfloxacin was 88.3% compared with 84.1% in those who received comparator antibacterial agents. This analysis verified the efficacy of this new aminofluoroquinolone, given orally once daily, in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia. The overall outcome favoured sparfloxacin for use in the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Double-blind randomized study of 1 g versus 2 g intravenous ceftriaxone daily in the therapy of community-acquired infections.

In a multicentre, double-blind, randomized study involving four general hospitals in Israel, the efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone 1 g/day i.v. was compared to that of 2 g/day i.v. in the treatment of moderate to severe community-acquired infections requiring hospitalization. Two hundred and twenty-two patients were enrolled; 112 received intravenous ceftriaxone 1 g/day, and 110 received 2 g/day. The two groups were matched demographically, and their mean APACHE II score (10 points) and mean duration of successful therapy (7 days) were identical. The sites of infection in the 1 g and 2 g groups respectively were lower respiratory tract in 57 versus 51 patients, urinary tract in 31 versus 40 patients, and soft tissue in 24 versus 19 patients. There were no significant differences in clinical outcome between the 1 g and 2 g groups, the outcome being cure in 91% versus 86% of patients, improvement in 3% versus 3% of patients, failure in 3% versus 8% of patients, and relapse in 3% versus 3% of patients. The findings of this study indicate that ceftriaxone 1 g/day is as effective as 2 g/day in the treatment of moderate to severe community-acquired infections. The low-dose form is a more economical means of treating these infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized comparison of sparfloxacin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin.

The treatment of community-acquired pneumonia is empirical in most cases and must cover a wide range of potential pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, including penicillin-resistant strains, Haemophilus influenzae and intracellular microorganisms. The objective of this double-blind, randomized, parallel group study was to compare the efficacy and safety of sparfloxacin (400 mg loading dose, followed by 200 mg o.d.) with that of oral amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (500/125 mg t.i.d.) or oral erythromycin (1 g b.i.d.), during 7-14 days in 808 patients with confirmed community-acquired pneumonia. The overall success rates for sparfloxacin (87%), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (80%) and erythromycin (85%) were similar in evaluable patients, and the equivalence hypothesis used for the statistical analysis showed at least an equivalent efficacy for the three antibiotics tested. The analysis of microbiologically documented infections (40% of the patients) showed that overall success rates were similar for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae infections. Treatment withdrawal was necessary in 3.5, 2.5 and 7.7% of the patients treated with sparfloxacin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin, respectively. This study indicates that sparfloxacin was at least as effective as amoxycillin-clavulanic acid or erythromycin in the treatment of mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia and that the adverse effects were similar in the three groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens among women attending a methadone clinic in Israel.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens in drug-addicted women in Tel Aviv, Israel. DESIGN: A prospective study conducted between March and July 1987. SETTING: A methadone clinic in Tel Aviv, Israel. SUBJECTS: Sixty four asymptomatic female drug addicts were studied; 38 of them were declared practising prostitutes. METHODS: Cervical specimens were obtained for cultures, and blood samples were drawn for serological tests. Demographic data and sexual histories were obtained using a standard questionnaire. RESULTS: Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in the cervix of 25% of women; 98% had antibody titres (greater than 1:64). Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were isolated in 57% and 65% respectively. Gardnerella vaginalis was detected in 17% of women, and herpes simplex virus was cultured from two prostitutes. Five per cent of women were carriers of HBsAg, while 57% had HBSs and/or HBc antibodies. Only one prostitute had specific treponemal antibodies. In no case were gonococci or group B streptococci isolated, and HIV serology was invariably negative. CONCLUSION: Chlamydia and genital mycoplasmas appear to be the prevailing pathogens in Israeli drug-addicted women, while gonococci and Treponema pallidum occur only rarely.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The intravitreal penetration of orally administered ciprofloxacin in humans.

To evaluate the penetration of ciprofloxacin, a new wide-spectrum oral antibiotic, into the vitreous, ciprofloxacin was administered orally to 21 patients who were scheduled to undergo vitreal surgery. Seven patients received 750 mg ciprofloxacin 4 hr before surgery (group I), seven patients received this dose 8 hr before surgery (group II), and seven patients received two 750-mg doses of oral ciprofloxacin every 12 hr. The last dose was administered 12 hr before surgery (group III). Vitreous and blood samples were collected simultaneously and assayed for ciprofloxacin concentrations by bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Pefloxacin efficacy in gram-negative bacillary meningitis.

Sixteen patients with acute meningitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria were treated with pefloxacin intravenously. The age range of the patient group was six months to 85 years with a mean age of 40 years; three patients were children. In all but two patients meningitis was a complication of neurosurgical operations and fourteen of the sixteen had received prior therapy which was not successful. The causative organisms were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Enterobacter cloacae (2), Citrobacter diversus (1) and Salmonella group C (1). Pefloxacin was administered intravenously 800 mg twice a day to the adult patients (mean dosage of 21( +/- 6.7) mg/kg body weight) for a mean period ( +/- S.D.) of 11( +/- 4) days. The mean cerebrospinal fluid concentration of pefloxacin was 8.8( +/- 5.0) mg/l which was 54% of the mean peak serum concentration (16.3( +/- 8.8]. The mean MIC and MBC of the causative organisms were 1.1( +/- 1.2) mg/l and 1.64( +/- 1.2) mg/l. Thirteen patients (87%) were cured or clinically improved and twelve (80%) were bacteriologically cured. One patient failed, another patient had reinfection and one was not assessable. No side effects were observed. In the present study pefloxacin offered an efficacious and safe treatment of Gram-negative meningitis following failure of other antibiotic therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Pefloxacin versus ceftazidime in therapy of soft tissue infections in compromised patients.

Soft tissue infections in compromised patients are frequently caused by Gram-negative organisms and particularly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These pathogens are effectively eradicated by pefloxacin as well as by ceftazidime. The effectiveness and safety of these two agents were compared in a prospective randomized study in 67 patients with soft tissue infections. Underlying conditions included malignant diseases, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. The infections included: post operative infection, septic foot, soft tissue abscess and cellulitis. Thirty-three patients were treated with intravenous ceftazidime for a mean duration of ten days. More than half the 34 patients given pefloxacin were treated only orally for a mean period of 13 days. The clinical and bacteriological outcomes were similar in both groups. There was clinical cure or improvement in 26 pefloxacin cases and in 23 ceftazidime cases, failure in six pefloxacin cases and in seven ceftazidime and relapse in two pefloxacin and in three ceftazidime patients. The bacteriological responses were eradication in 23 pefloxacin cases and in 22 ceftazidime cases, persistence in five pefloxacin cases and in six ceftazidime cases, relapse in one pefloxacin case and in none of the ceftazidime group, reinfection in four pefloxacin cases and in three ceftazidime cases and there was one unassessed patient in the pefloxacin group and two in the ceftazidime group. Nausea and vomiting occurred in three patients and elevation of liver enzymes in another patient; all side effects were observed only in the pefloxacin treated patients. These results suggest that oral pefloxacin could offer an alternative to intravenous ceftazidime in half the compromised patients with tissue infections. However, adverse reactions due to pefloxacin administration should be watched for during such therapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Ofloxacin and the gastrointestinal tract: a potential role in the treatment of bacterial enteritis.

Ofloxacin is highly active against most pathogens causing bacterial enteritis. High faecal levels are achieved readily following a single oral dose and may persist for up to five days despite partial binding by faeces. In addition, adequate ofloxacin levels persist in pancreatic secretions and bile for 12 to 14 h following oral administration. Clinical data from various centres demonstrate a prompt response when ofloxacin is administered once-daily for shigellosis, salmonellosis and various other enteric pathogens. These theoretical observations and clinical data suggest a potential for once-daily oral ofloxacin therapy for bacterial diarrhoea.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Pefloxacin treatment of meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria.

Ten patients with acute meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria were treated with pefloxacin intravenously for a mean period of 10 days. Eight patients responded clinically to pefloxacin treatment, and the causative organisms were eradicated from the cerebrospinal fluid in 9 of the 10 patients. Pefloxacin may offer a new, efficacious, and safe therapy for gram-negative meningitis.

Acute Disease↗