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Biomedical subjects

S Salminen

Publications and source records attributed to S Salminen.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The effects of lactulose-sweetened yoghurt on the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal transit in healthy human volunteers.

A non-invasive, radioisotopic method was utilised to study the effects of a lactulose-sweetened yoghurt product on gastric emptying and intestinal transit. Healthy human volunteers were given 99mtechnetium-DTPA-labelled lactulose yoghurt before and after adaptation to the product. A control group received a similarly labelled glucose solution. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit were evaluated by scintigraphy. The mean half-time for gastric emptying for glucose was 39.8 +/- 3.4 min and for lactulose yoghurt, 31.3 +/- 11.0 min. After 10 days' adaptation, the corresponding value for lactulose yoghurt was 25.2 +/- 8.2 min. Intestinal transit time was faster after lactulose yoghurt than after glucose solution and did not change during adaptation. The observed effects indicate that lactulose yoghurt may be beneficial in the treatment or chronic constipation using dietary methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Intestinal absorption of oxalate by xylitol-treated rats and mice.

The absorption of 14C-labelled oxalic acid was studied in Wistar rats, CD-1 mice and NMRI mice. Oxalic acid in solution was given to the animals by gavage either with water alone or with 0.625 g/kg b.w. of xylitol. Both xylitol-adapted animals and animals not previously exposed to xylitol were used. Adaptation to xylitol diets enhanced the absorption and urinary excretion of the label (oxalic acid) in both strains of mice but not in rats. Earlier studies have indicated a high incidence of bladder calculi in mice but not in rats fed high amounts of xylitol. The results of the present study offer one likely explanation for the increased formation of bladder calculi as a result of oversaturation of urine with oxalate.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Preservation of intestinal integrity during radiotherapy using live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures.

Twenty-four female patients suffering from gynaecological malignancies and scheduled for internal and external irradiation of the pelvic area (pelvic dose 5000 cGy) were selected for a study on prevention of intestinal side-effects by live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures. The patients were randomised into two groups. Both groups received dietary counselling recommending a low-fat and low-residue diet during radiotherapy. The control group received dietary counselling only. The test group received 150 ml of a fermented milk test product supplying them with at least 2 X 10(9) live Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria daily and 6.5% lactulose as substrate for the bacteria. The results indicated that the test product appeared to prevent radiotherapy-associated diarrhoea. However, flatulence was increased probably due to lactulose ingestion in the test group.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to fat-free milk and low-lactose fat-free milk in young type 1 diabetics.

The blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to test milk samples were studied in eight insulin-dependent diabetics. After an overnight fast, the subjects (aged 20-45 years) were given a breakfast containing two Weetabix biscuits (20 g carbohydrate) with 500 ml of either regular (S) fat-free milk (25 g lactose) or 500 ml of a new low-lactose (D) fat-free milk (3.75 g lactose and 4.25 g fructose). The regular morning insulin dose was omitted. Mean basal plasma glucose level was slightly higher before S milk (11.4 vs. 10.1 mmol/l). The peak increment in plasma glucose was higher in S milk (9.4 vs. 6.6 mmol/l). The rise was 83% above basal (S) vs. 65% (D). Although the final mean plasma glucose concentration was not significantly higher 3 h after S milk compared with D milk (17.9 vs. 14.3 mmol/l) the incremental area under the plasma glucose curve was much greater (p less than 0.001) with S milk than with D milk (1266 +/- 295 units vs. 909 +/- 242 units). No galactose was detectable in any sample and there was no difference in plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. The results suggest that the low-lactose fat-free milk (D) may be suitable for diabetic diets and weight reducing diets due to the lower contribution of energy. The results suggest that fat-free milk does not exert a fast action on blood glucose concentration and therefore fat-free milk and especially low-lactose fat-free milk may also prove to be suitable for diabetic diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to fat free milk and low-lactose fat free milk in healthy human volunteers.

The blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to test milk samples were studied in healthy normal volunteers. After an overnight fast the subjects were given 500 ml of either regular fat free milk (approximately 25 g lactose) or 500 ml of a new low-lactose fat free milk (3.75 g lactose and 4.25 g fructose). Blood glucose levels were not significantly altered after either milk sample, but plasma insulin responses were significantly elevated after milk consumption. The response was slightly but not significantly higher after regular fat-free milk than after the low-lactose fat free milk. The results suggest that fat free milk does not exert a fast effect on blood glucose concentration and therefore fat free milk and especially low-lactose fat free milk may prove to be suitable for diabetic diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Urinary excretion of orally administered oxalic acid in MYRJ 45-treated NMRI mice.

Polyoxyethylene(8)stearate (MYRJ 45) has been shown to cause bladder tumours in chronic feeding studies. During this study the effects of dietary MYRJ 45 on the urinary excretion of dietary oxalic acid were tested. Male NMRI mice were gradually adapted to 20% MYRJ 45 in their diet. The animals were then dosed, after a 6 h fast, with 2 microCi of [U-14C]oxalic acid either with 1 ml of water or 1 ml of 20% MYRJ 45 in water. The urinary and faecal excretion of the label were determined using the combustion method coupled with liquid scintillation counting. MYRJ 45 was observed to increase significantly the urinary absorption of 14C in male NMRI mice when compared to control mice dosed with oxalic acid and water. The increase was observed both in MYRJ 45-pretreated mice receiving the label with MYRJ 45 or with water and in control mice receiving the label in a 20% MYRJ 45 water solution. The result indicates that dietary MYRJ 45 significantly increases the urinary excretion of dietary oxalic acid in male NMRI mice. This increase may contribute to the bladder tumour formation by facilitating calcium oxalate crystalluria with potential bladder wall irritating effect in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Validity of toxicity documents of pesticides and good laboratory practice.

Attention has been centered on the validity of the original toxicity reports supporting the registration of pesticides. In Finland, the present standard of the toxicity reports on pesticides was studied. Of the 299 pesticide formulations on the Finnish market only 96 were supported by original toxicity reports. Altogether 16 US formulations and 121 reports, as well as 11 control formulations with 170 reports were selected for the study. Reports from the questionable laboratories proved to be invalid according to the OECD guide-lines more frequently (61%) than those from control laboratories (20%). The frequency of invalid reports among long-term studies was higher (38%) than among acute studies (26.4%). The percentage of valid toxicity studies for the registration of pesticides in Finland was increased from about 50% in the fifties and sixties to 93% in 1980. The lack of reports on old pesticide formulations rather than the validity of the toxicity reports creates a problem in pesticide registration in Finland.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The effects of sorbitol on the gastrointestinal microflora in rats.

The influence of dietary sorbitol on the quantity and quality of faecal microflora was studied in Wistar albino rats. The animals were gradually adapted to 20% dietary sorbitol or sucrose and faecal samples were analyzed for the numbers of major bacteria. No major changes in the numbers of total aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, aerobic streptococci and yeasts were observed after sorbitol feeding but sucrose appeared to decrease the total aerobes and anaerobes in the faeces. However, sorbitol feeding caused a clear shift in the rat faecal microbial population from gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria. All animals were capable of adapting to 20% dietary sorbitol or sucrose and withstood sorbitol treatment without problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Urinary excretion of orally administered oxalic acid in saccharin and o-phenylphenol-fed NMRI mice.

Both saccharin and o-phenylphenol have been suggested to be carcinogenic to the urinary bladder in experimental animals, but the mechanism has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary saccharin and o-phenylphenol on the urinary excretion of dietary oxalic acid. Male NMRI mice were gradually adapted to either 3% o-phenylphenol or 5% saccharin in their diet. Having being adapted to these diets for 1 week or after consuming them for 3 months, the animals were fasted for 6 h and given a 2.5-microCi oral dose of U-14C-oxalic acid. Dosed animals were kept in metabolism cages for 48 h to monitor urinary and fecal excretion of the label. Adaptation to dietary o-phenylphenol appeared to increase the urinary excretion of orally administered U-14C-oxalic acid when food and water were available during urinary and fecal collections. Adaptation to dietary saccharin had little effect on urinary oxalate levels when compared to control animals. These results indicate that changes in urinary oxalate levels should be more carefully studied in connection with potential urinary bladder carcinogens to avoid the possibility of bladder irritation by increased urinary oxalate excretion.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Status of the toxicity reports of pesticides for their registration in Finland.

Recently, attention has centered on the validity of toxicity reports for the registration of pesticides. In Finland, a study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the toxicity reports of pesticides done in U. S. laboratories. Twenty-seven pesticide formulations of the 230 on the market in Finland were selected for the study. The material contained 61 toxicity reports of 16 pesticide formulations done in U. S. laboratories considered questionable, 64 reports from U. S. laboratories considered reliable, and 142 reports originating from European laboratories, totally 267 reports. These reports were divided into valid according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines, and included those with minor discrepancies but in compliance with the good laboratory practice at the time of the study (group I), and and invalid according to the OECD guidelines (group II). After a closer evaluation of the 125 U. S. reports, 85 reports were considered valid and 40 invalid. As a function of time, the proportion of valid studies of all studies on pesticides for the registration purposes in Finland increased during 1961-1981 from 47 to 93%, being 100% at the present time. The lack of information of pesticide formulations registered earlier creates a problem to be solved in the future in Finland, rather than the lack of the validity of toxicity reports.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Gut microflora interactions with xylitol in the mouse, rat and man.

The influence of dietary xylitol on the quantity and quality of faecal microflora was studied in Wistar albino rats, CD-1 mice and healthy human volunteers. In animals, the effects of xylitol adaptation and of 4-wk xylitol feeding were examined. No major changes in the numbers of total aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, aerobic streptococci, anaerobic streptococci or yeasts were observed, although there was evidence of a dose-dependent decrease in the numbers of aerobic streptococci in the faeces. However, xylitol feeding caused a clear shift in the rodent faecal microbial population from Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria. In human volunteers a similar shift was observed even after a single 30-g oral dose of xylitol. All animals were capable of adapting to 20% dietary xylitol and an accompanying enhancement of the ability of caecal and faecal flora to utilize xylitol was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The effects of xylitol on gastric emptying and secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in the rat.

The effects of xylitol on the rate of gastric emptying and plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in the rat were studied to relate xylitol adaptation to these phenomena. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing about 250-270 g, were either gradually adapted to 20% xylitol diets or given a basal diet. The animals were, after a 24-hour fast, given a 1.2 g/kg body weight dose of xylitol or glucose either alone or with a 99mTc-tin colloid marker to study gastric emptying by using a gamma camera. Blood was taken from the tail vein, and plasma was analyzed for immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide by using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Xylitol adaptation did not appear to have any effect on the secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. However, adaptation of rats to 20% dietary xylitol appeared to change the rate of gastric emptying by decreasing it. Therefore, it was concluded that gastric emptying plays a role in the adaptation to high xylitol doses while gastric inhibitory polypeptide appears not to be involved.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

The effects of xylitol on the secretion of insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in man and rats.

Xylitol given by gavage to unadapted rats produced profound diarrhoea and no rise in plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) concentration. In xylitol adapted rats it did not cause diarrhoea but still had no effect upon GIP release in contrast to glucose, which did. In healthy human subjects xylitol taken by mouth in solution as a single 30 g dose produced only a minimal rise in blood glucose and no rise in plasma GIP or insulin concentration. Glucose in similar doses, on the other hand, caused a large rise in all three.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effect of ouabain on osmotic resistance and monovalent cation transport of red cells in hereditary spherocytosis.

The effect of ouabain on the osmotic resistance of red cells from 17 splenectomized patients with congenital or hereditary spherocytosis (HS), from 5 of their relatives suspected of having a subclinical form of the disease and from unsplenectomized and splenectomized normal controls was studied. In red cells from the HS patients and the splenectomized controls a small ouabain-induced decrease in osmotic resistance was seen, whereas in the unsplenectomized controls no such change was observed. The osmotic resistance of red cells from the 5 relatives, on the other hand, was significantly decreased by ouabain. The usefulness of ouabain in unmasking HS in its subclinical form was further tested by studying monovalent cation influx into red cells. The active influx of 86Rb+ into red cells from HS suffers was significantly increased. A similar degree of ouabain-induced inhibition of 86Rb+ transport was seen in all groups studied. The passive influx of 22Na+, which was also increased in HS red cells, was not affected by ouabain in any of the four groups.

Adolescent↗