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S S Markina

Publications and source records attributed to S S Markina.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Epidemiology of epidemic diphtheria in three regions, Russia, 1994-1996.

BACKGROUND: A massive diphtheria epidemic which began in the former Soviet Union in 1990 is the first large-scale diphtheria epidemic in developed countries in more than 30 years and has primarily affected adults. In response, health authorities attempted to maximize vaccination for children and conducted an unprecedented campaign to vaccinate adults. METHODS: We analyzed diphtheria surveillance data (case report forms and diphtheria vaccine coverage data) from three Russian regions from January 1994 to December 1996 and estimated vaccine effectiveness by the screening method. RESULTS: We reviewed records from 2243 (97.2%) of 2307 reported cases. The highest cumulative incidence in the period was among children aged 5 to 9 years (106 cases per 100,000 population); adults aged 40-49 years had the highest adult incidence for disease (88 cases per 100,000) and the highest incidence of any age group of clinically severe disease (29 cases per 100,000) and death (5.1 deaths per 100,000). The incidence among women aged 2049 years (82 per 100,000 women) was higher than among men (47 per 100,000, p<0.01). The annual incidence decreased from 25.2 cases per 100,000 population in 1994 to 9.4 cases per 100,000 in 1996. The decrease occurred as adult coverage increased from an estimated 25-30% in December 1992 to 88% in December 1995. Vaccine effectiveness was high among both children and adults. CONCLUSIONS: The Russian diphtheria epidemic primarily affected adults, especially women; this pattern is likely representative of diphtheria epidemics in immunized populations. Raising childhood immunization coverage and mass adult vaccination was effective in controlling the Russian epidemic. An improved understanding of the current epidemiology of diphtheria will be useful to design public health responses to prevent or control modern epidemics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Diphtheria].

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Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[A method of reversed radial immunodiffusion and determination of diphtheria antibodies].

Measurements of precipitating antidiphtheria antitoxic and antibacterial antibodies in human blood sera, carried out by this new technique, have demonstrated higher levels of both antibody types in healthy adult vaccinees than in normal subjects who had contacts with diphtheria patients. Convalescents after diphtheria develop elevated levels of antitoxic and antibacterial antibodies, these levels growing to reach the concentrations similar to those in healthy vaccinees.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

[The epidemic process of diphtheria infection in the RSFSR during the introduction of epidemiological surveillance].

In this work the characterization of the epidemic process of diphtheria infection on the territory of the RSFSR under the conditions of epidemiological surveillance (1983-1986) is presented. In comparison with the period of 1979-1982, an increase in morbidity rate occurred, which accounts for more complete detection of patients with mild forms of diphtheria, including persons found to be carriers of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Beginning from 1983, the leveling out of seasonal morbidity rises is observed. In the total number of persons affected by this infection the prevalence of adults is noted. Among them, a decrease in the morbidity rate was registered in 1986 (the maximum decrease was observed in age and professional groups of risk), which confirms the effectiveness of measures carried out for the protection of the adult population from diphtheria. Among children, a tendency towards a decrease in morbidity rate was noted in all age groups. The existing system of epidemiological surveillance on the territory of the RSFSR is capable of stabilizing diphtheria morbidity on a sporadic level and minimizing the number of fatal outcomes. The intensification of the epidemic process in some areas of the RSFSR is due to shortcomings in the realization of different measures of epidemiological surveillance.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

[Characteristics of the serologic antibacterial response of patients with diphtheria and of bacterial carriers].

The enzyme immunoassay system for the detection of specific antibacterial antibodies to Corynebacterium diphtheriae membrane protein (mol. wt. 64 KD) has been used. The physicochemical nature of these antibacterial antibodies has been established and their quantitative characteristics have been determined. The analysis of the dynamics of the formation of antimicrobial IgG- and IgM-antibodies in diphtheria patients (on days 3-28 of the disease) has shown that by the time of convalescence the antibody level increases about 200-fold (p less than 0.0001). The possibility of using the dynamics of the formation of specific antimicrobial IgM-antibodies for the serodiagnosis of carrier state is shown, even if the increase of the level of antimicrobial IgG-antibodies is insufficient for this purpose (not more than twofold).

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

[Epidemiology of diphtheria in the RSFSR during mass immunization over many years].

The work defines the characteristic epidemiological features of diphtheria in the RSFSR at the present moment when a high level of antitoxic immunity is generally determined in children. With the diphtheria morbidity level having, on the whole, a sporadic character in the RSFSR, the intensification of the epidemic process has been found to occur in some regions. Changes in the ratio of morbidity rates among the urban and rural population are observed, the morbidity rate among the latter have the tendency towards increase. At present the characteristic feature of diphtheria is the prevalence of adults in the general morbidity structure. An important fact is a permanently high level of toxigenicity in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. As before, autumn is the season of the highest morbidity level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Results of conducting an epidemiological survey of diphtheria in 21 territories of the RSFSR].

As the result of epidemiological survey of diphtherial infection, carried out in conformity with the unified methodological recommendations in 21 regions of the RSFSR during 1980-1981, the expediency of such experiment was established. Immunity to diphtheria in children aged up to 14 years was high: children with negative Schick tests constituted 96.9-99.1%. No biological changes in Corynebacterium diphtheriae occurred during the term of observation. Toxigenic C. diphtheriae showed a high level of pathogenicity. The epidemiological survey contributed to a more thorough detection of diphtheria patients and carriers releasing toxigenic C. diphtheriae. The quality of clinical bacteriological diagnosis improved. In rare cases angina with the concomitant carriership of toxigenic C. diphtheriae could be diagnosed with the indispensable serological examination of the patients by Jensen's method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Epiedmiologic significance of the distribution of corynephages in different collectives].

Corynephage distribution was studied in the nasopharyngeal washings of 252 persons infected with C. diphtheriae of gravis type, toxigenic (21 patients and 147 carriers) and non-toxigenic ones (84 carriers), and in 468 uninfected persons in collective bodies under different epidemic conditions. Corynephages were isolated from the nasopharyngeal washings only in persons infected with toxigenic C. diphtheriae--in 4 (of 21) patients, and in 21% (of 147) carriers. Phages tox+ (4--6.2%) were revealed only in carriers of toxigenic C. diphtheriae with numerous bacteria in the nasopharynx and in diphtheria patients. Carriers of nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli can become infected with phage tox+ only together with the toxigenic strains (reinfection). The data obtained indicated that toxigenic and nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae strains were individual variants.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1975

[Use of the corycin test and of bacteriophage typing for genetic marking of corynebacteria with reference to C. diphtheriae of the gravis type].

Nontoxigenic C. diphtheria, fermenting starch, of convertible phage types ABCDFCH, ABCDFG, ABCDF, ABCD, ABD, ACDf, CDf, AF and A, and also strains of nonconvertible bacteriophage types I, H and K proved to be noncoricynogenic in the corycine test and weakly sensitive to bacteriocin of the No. 3463 test strain (a study was made of a total of 502 strains). Strains (383) isolated from 354 patients and carriers--starch-fermenting and toxigenic to the gravis type--were toxigenic were lysed by a combination of bacteriophages O, P, Q, R, S, T produced an active bacteriocine against the test strains No. 23 BC, and were insensitive to bacteriocine of the strain No. 3453. Strains of phage type G(g) were noncorycinogenic. Only one strain of phage type G, which produced corycine, active against the test strain No. 23 BC served as an exception. With the aid of phages A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, K it was possible to separate 244 strains of the phage type G(g) into 3 phage types--bc, ABfGH and Abg. Strains of phage type ABfGH were noncorycinogenic; the only strain of phage type bG available produced bacteriocine.

Bacteriocins↗