Congenital toxoplasmosis occurring in infants perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Biomedical subjects
S S Erlich
Publications and source records attributed to S S Erlich.
Studies on the mechanism of protection from acute viral encephalomyelitis by delayed-type hypersensitivity inducer T cell clones.
Previous studies have shown that mice can be protected from a lethal infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) by the adoptive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)-inducer T cell clones specific for the virus. Protection does not involve the suppression of virus replication in the central nervous system (CNS) or via augmentation of the antiviral antibody response. In the present report we have compared the CNS lesions induced by JHMV in lethally infected and T cell clone protected mice. The presence of virus-specific T cell clones induced a transient increase in mononuclear cell infiltration into the parenchyma of the brains of protected mice, consistent with previous data suggesting that a DTH response was responsible for protection. Immunohistochemical studies suggested further that virus was not replicating in the ependyma or cellular infiltrate, but that the presence of the T cell clone prevented neuronal infection. While the mechanism of effectively altering the in vivo cellular tropism is unknown, survival is accompanied by increased specific destruction of target tissues with fulminant CNS demyelination and an increased incidence of persistent infection.
Animals↗
Ultrastructure of the orbital pathway for cerebrospinal fluid drainage in rabbits.
An increasing number of physiological and morphological studies indicate that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains via nonarachnoidal pathways in several mammalian species. Ultrastructural tracer studies were undertaken to examine the orbital route for CSF absorption in the rabbit. At the termination of the optic nerve subarachnoid space, an area of connective tissue containing numerous small tortuous channels is present. Ferritin (molecular weight 400,000) infused into the ventricles at normal and increased intraventricular pressure was present in these channels by 15 minutes postinfusion, and subsequently reached the intraorbital connective tissue. Elevating the intraventricular pressure did not noticeably alter the morphological appearance of this region or change the gross distribution pattern of the ferritin. Ferritin did not penetrate the scleral barrier to reach the choriocapillaris, nor did it breach the arachnoid barrier layer proximal to the transitional zone at the optic subarachnoid space to reach the dura mater. These results are very similar to those described for the hamster orbital region and the rabbit cribriform region. These experiments support the concept that macromolecules exit the subarachnoid space at the termination of the optic nerve via open channels, and that no significant barrier to drainage of macromolecules in CSF is present at this location.
Animals↗
Delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the central nervous system during JHM virus infection requires viral specificity for protection.
The JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) elicits an I-A-restricted delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response mediated by a Thy-1+, Lyt-1+, and CD4+ T cell. Adoptive transfer of these polyclonal CD4+ T cells from immunized mice prevents death in lethally infected recipients without significantly reducing virus titer in the central nervous system (CNS). These observations raise the possibility that the recruitment of mononuclear cells into the CNS may play a critical role in survival from a lethal CNS infection. Transient DTH response to nonviral antigens induced an accumulation of monocytes in the CNS that was maximal at 48 h post-challenge and virtually resolved by 5 days post-challenge. By contrast the induction of prolonged DTH responses resulted in the accumulation of a large number of monocytes that persisted in the CNS for at least 5 days post-challenge. Neither type of DTH reaction suppressed virus replication or prevented death from concomitant lethal JHMV infection.
Animals↗
Experimental neuropathology of chronic demyelination induced by a JHM virus variant (DS).
A small plaque variant of JHM virus has a markedly reduced ability to kill mice following intracerebral inoculation. Spinal cords of mice surviving 13 to 16 months following acute infection with this variant were examined ultrastructurally. Multiple subpial areas of demyelination in the anterior and lateral white matter were found in five of 13 mice. The lesions had more gliosis, fewer oligodendrocytes, and less remyelination than has been described following other infections with JHM virus. No conclusive evidence of active demyelination or viral-like particles was found. The pathogenesis of the lesions observed may be due to a persistent, attenuated infection of oligodendrocytes or to immunologic processes. These lesions were similar to chronic multiple sclerosis plaques. Therefore, this variant should prove to be a useful tool for studying the long-term effects of viral-induced demyelinating diseases.
Animals↗
Narcolepsy: a neuropathologic study.
This article describes the neuropathologic findings in a woman who died suddenly at the age of 48 after having had symptoms of narcolepsy for 1 1/2 years. Gross examination of the brain showed an arachnoid cyst. The significant light microscopic findings consisted of focal gliosis of the ventrolateral caudal pons and the periventricular anterior hypothalamus. Although cases of symptomatic narcolepsy have been previously reported, to our knowledge structural brain changes in idiopathic narcolepsy have not been previously described. In the present case, there is no evidence that the narcoleptic symptoms were secondary to any other disorder, including the arachnoid cyst. This patient's symptoms may be related to the pontine and hypothalamic gliosis, the etiology for which is unknown.
Arachnoid↗
Ultrastructural morphology of the olfactory pathway for cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the rabbit.
Previous physiological studies indicate that the olfactory region serves as a major pathway for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage into the lymphatic system. The present study was undertaken to determine the ultrastructural characteristics of this egress route. New Zealand White rabbits received a single bolus injection of the tracer ferritin (MW 400,000) into both lateral ventricles in such a manner as not to raise the intraventricular pressure above the normal level. The animals were sacrificed via intracardiac perfusion of fixative between less than 12 minutes and 4 hours following injection. The cribriform region was removed en bloc, decalcified, sectioned coronally, and prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. The arachnoid, dura, and periosteum surrounding the fila olfactoria passing through the cribriform plate merge together and form the perineurium, which consists of multiple layers of loosely overlapping cells with widely separated junctions and few vesicles. The perineurium surrounding the olfactory filaments at the superficial submucosal level is only one cell thick. The subarachnoid space freely communicates with the perineural space surrounding each filament. No morphological barrier between the perineural space and the loose submucosal connective tissue was identified. Whether or not the perineurium was multi- or single-layered, ferritin was noted in abundance between the loosely overlapping perineural cells and in the submucosal connective tissue. The distribution of ferritin at 12 minutes was similar to that at 4 hours; however, the quantity of ferritin was increased at 4 hours. These results indicate that no significant barrier to CSF drainage is present at the rabbit cribriform region and that CSF reaches the submucosal region rapidly via open pathways.
Animals↗
The pineal gland: anatomy, physiology, and clinical significance.
Since the discovery of melatonin approximately 25 years ago, there has been intense study regarding the details of the structure and function of the pineal gland. This work is reviewed, with particular emphasis on those aspects of importance to human physiology and disease.
Analgesia↗
Spinal subarachnoid metastasis from primary intracranial glioblastoma multiforme.
Twenty-five patients with glioblastoma multiforme were autopsied at our institution in 7 years. Spinal cords were examined in 20 and 5 were found to have spinal leptomeningeal metastases. Clinical and neuropathological findings of these 5 patients are presented and factors possibility influencing such spread are analyzed. Review of previous studies of intracranial glioblastomas discloses only 14 reported cases with spinal leptomeningeal metastases confirmed at autopsy since 1931. We conclude that spinal leptomeningeal metastases in glioblastoma multiforme are a common occurrence. These findings are of little significance at present with our poor success at control of the primary lesion. Frequency of involvement of the spinal subarachnoid space will be significant, when we are able to better treat the primary tumor. Knowledge of the significant possibility of this phenomenon will allow earlier and more frequent clinical diagnosis.
Adolescent↗