Influence of venovenous hemofiltration on posttraumatic inflammation and hemodynamics.
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Hemodynamics↗
Biomedical subjects
S Rose
Publications and source records attributed to S Rose.
The utility of a bilateral breast pumping system for mothers of premature infants.
Mothers of premature infants have difficulty maintaining their milk supply as a result of the separation that occurs between the mother and the baby. The hypothesis in the present investigation is that use of a bilateral (simultaneous) breast pumping system will increase the volume of milk expressed in these mothers. Thirty-two breastfeeding mothers of premature infants were randomly assigned to either the control (single) or the experimental (bilateral) breast pump group. Mothers pumped at least four times a day. Data collection included a daily milk production log, weekly serum prolactin levels, and a weekly State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Participation lasted from four to six weeks. Data analysis included average STAI scores; average prolactin levels; and weekly averages for number of pumping sessions, hours of pumping, and milk production in milliliters. The two groups did not differ on several demographic characteristics, STAI scores, prolactin levels, number of pumping sessions per week, or weekly milk production. The amount of time spent pumping, however, was statistically less for mothers who used the bilateral pump (7.6 +/- 3.0 hours/week) versus those who used the single pump (11.1 +/- 3.1 hours/week) (p = .003). Although use of either the single pump or the bilateral electric pump resulted in similar milk production, the bilateral pump significantly reduced the time invested in pumping. Health professionals should advocate use of the bilateral pump for mothers of premature infants. Additional studies are needed to determine strategies for increasing milk production in this population.
Adult↗
Certain HLA-DR5 and -DR6 major histocompatibility complex class II alleles are associated with a CD8 lymphocytic host response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 characterized by low lymphocyte viral strain heterogeneity and slow disease progression.
Either of two structurally related major histocompatibility complex class II alleles, DRB1*1102, which encodes a DR5 specificity, or DRB1*1301, which encodes a DR6 specificity, was found in 67% of individuals responding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with a syndrome characterized by persistent circulating and diffusely infiltrative CD8 lymphocytosis (DILS), slow progression to opportunistic infections, and delayed CD4 T-cell depletion. These alleles were present in only 28% of ethnically matched HIV-positive controls (P = 0.001). The frequency of DRB1*1301 was increased in both Blacks and Caucasians with this syndrome, while that of DRBI*1102 was increased only in Blacks, where 80% had either of these alleles. To investigate whether the host response associated with these alleles influences the evolutionary divergence of the HIV-1 genome, sequencing of the envelope V3 loop was performed. This revealed a significantly diminished lymphocyte viral heterogeneity compared with random HIV+ controls matched for CD4 T-cell levels. These results suggest that the immunogenetics of the host influence the nature of the immune response to HIV-1, which may lead to constrained evolution of HIV-1 gene products. Of possible relevance, the alpha-helical third diversity region common to both the DRB1*1102 and DRB1*1301 allelic products was noted to have homology with the C-terminal region of the HIV-1 envelope V3 loop at six of nine consecutive residues. This suggests the possibility that these alleles may bias the anti-HIV T-cell receptor repertoire through a mimicry mechanism.
Alleles↗
Time course of inhibition of brain nitric oxide synthase by 7-nitro indazole.
7-Nitro indazole (7-NI) inhibits rat striatal, cerebellar, hippocampal, cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in vitro with IC50 values of 0.68 +/- 0.01 microM, 0.64 +/- 0.03 microM, 1.53 +/- 0.05 microM, 0.93 +/- 0.04 microM and 1.05 +/- 0.02 microM respectively (n = 6). Intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral administration of 7-NI (30 mg kg-1) to rats inhibited NOS enzyme activity measured ex vivo in all five brain regions (n = 5-6). NOS inhibition (maximal effect, 0.5 h post-injection) was transient with complete recovery at either 4 h (oral administration) or 24 h (i.p. administration). Repeated i.p. injection of 7-NI (30 mg kg-1, every 4 h for 20 h) inhibited NOS enzyme activity at 24 h by 51-61% in all brain regions. The relatively transient NOS inhibitory effect of 7-NI following parenteral administration should be taken into account when using this drug to evaluate the central effects of nitric oxide.
Administration, Oral↗
Storage of pancreatic digest before islet purification. The influence of colloids and the sodium to potassium ratio in University of Wisconsin-based preservation solutions.
The density-dependent purification of islets from several species of mammalian pancreata is improved by prior storage of the dispersed, collagenase-digested pancreas in suitable storage solutions, such as University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. The optimal composition of such solutions, however, is not fully established, although previous investigations have suggested separately that cellular impermeants and colloids are important components. To investigate this issue further, dispersed tissues from 7 porcine and 7 human pancreata were stored in UW or in solutions containing the impermeants lactobionate and raffinose, with either no added colloid or in the presence of the colloids hydroxyethyl starch, dextran 40, dextran 250, or Ficoll 400; hydroxyethyl starch-containing solutions in which the principal cation was sodium, rather than potassium, were also studied. Subsequent purification of islets on continuous linear density gradients of BSA was then assessed by insulin/amylase assay of gradient fractions. Islet purity was slightly reduced using solutions containing impermeants but lacking a colloid, compared with using UW. In the combined presence of impermeants and a colloid, however, islet purity was similar to that obtained with UW, and for porcine pancreata, solutions containing Ficoll 400 or dextran 40 were slightly superior to UW. Purity was not, however, influenced by the sodium to potassium ratio of storage media. In conclusion, impermeants and colloids are both essential components of solutions used to preserve pancreatic tissue before islet purification, findings which may be relevant when designing media for use during other phases of islet isolation, e.g., during collagenase digestion/density gradient purification.
Adenosine↗
Indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in individuals with incidental Lewy body disease.
Brain tissue from normal individuals with incidental Lewy bodies and cell loss in pigmented substantia nigra neurons (asymptomatic Parkinson's disease) and age-matched control subjects without nigral Lewy bodies was examined biochemically. There was no difference in dopamine levels or dopamine turnover in the caudate and putamen of individuals with incidental Lewy body disease compared to control subjects. There were no differences in levels of iron, copper, manganese, or zinc in the substantia nigra or other brain regions from the individuals with incidental Lewy body disease compared to those from control subjects. Similarly, ferritin levels in the substantia nigra and other brain areas were unaltered. There was no difference in the activity of succinate cytochrome c reductase (complexes II and III) or cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) between incidental Lewy body subjects and control subjects. Rotenone-sensitive NADH coenzyme Q1 reductase activity (complex I) was reduced to levels intermediate between those in control subjects and those in patients with overt Parkinson's disease, but this change did not reach statistical significance. The levels of reduced glutathione in substantia nigra were reduced by 35% in patients with incidental Lewy body disease compared to control subjects. Reduced glutathione levels in other brain regions were unaffected and there were no changes in oxidized glutathione levels in any brain region. Altered iron metabolism is not detectable in the early stages of nigral dopamine cell degeneration. There may be some impairment of mitochondrial complex I activity in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Diuretic effects, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new centrally acting kappa-opioid agonist (CI-977) in humans.
The diuretic effects, pharmacokinetics, and safety of CI-977, a new centrally acting selective kappa-opioid agonist, were determined in 16 healthy subjects. Subjects received single intramuscular doses of CI-977 (5, 15, or 25 micrograms) or placebo 1 week apart according to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-period, crossover design. Serial blood and urine specimens were collected after each dose. Significant dose-related decreases in negative free water clearance and urine osmolality and increases in urine volume were observed after administration of 15- and 25-micrograms doses of CI-977. CI-977 had no effect on urine electrolyte excretion or serum antidiuretic hormone. Absorption of CI-977 was rapid with individual tmax values ranging from 0.17 to 1.5 hours. Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) increased proportionally with dose. Individual elimination half-life values ranged from 0.6 to 3.3 hours and were independent of dose. Changes in free water clearance were related to CI-977 Cmax (r2 = 0.29, P = 0.0001) and AUC(0-4 hr) (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.0001) values. The most frequently reported adverse events after CI-977 administration were dizziness, fatigue, paresthesia, headache, vasodilatation (facial flushing), emotional lability, high feeling, and abnormal thinking. The frequency and intensity of adverse events increased with increasing CI-977 dose. In conclusion, CI-977 Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) increased in proportion to dose over the range of 5 to 25 micrograms; decreases in negative free water clearance were related to CI-977 dose and Cmax and AUC(0-4 hr) values; and the frequency and intensity of adverse events increased with increasing CI-977 dose.
Adult↗
Chronic administration does not alter the accumulation of L-dopa into muscle.
Rats were treated for 12 months with L-dopa (191.4-210.4 mg/kg/day) plus carbidopa (23.9-26.2 mg/kg/day), or carbidopa (24.4-26.3 mg/kg/day) alone. Four days after drug withdrawal, animals received an acute challenge with either L-dopa (50 mg/kg p.o.) alone or following acute carbidopa (25 mg/kg i.p.) pretreatment, and the uptake and metabolism of L-dopa in muscle was studied. Following the acute bolus challenge, plasma levels of L-dopa peaked between 0.5 and 3 h after L-dopa alone and between 1.5 and 2 h after L-dopa plus carbidopa. Peak levels in muscle were observed between 1.5 and 4 h after L-dopa administration, and this accumulation was enhanced by the acute pretreatment with carbidopa. Chronic administration of L-dopa plus carbidopa or carbidopa alone for 12 months had no effect on the accumulation of L-dopa into muscle following the acute challenge with L-dopa alone or after carbidopa pretreatment. 3-O-Methyldopa, dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA levels were elevated in both plasma and muscle following acute oral challenge with L-dopa or L-dopa plus carbidopa. Levels of these metabolites were unaffected by chronic administration of L-dopa plus carbidopa or carbidopa alone. In conclusion, chronic administration of L-dopa plus carbidopa did not alter the accumulation of L-dopa into muscle following an acute oral challenge with the drug, with or without carbidopa pretreatment.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Follow-up of patients with noncardiac chest pain. Value of esophageal testing.
Noncardiac chest pain may be a debilitating symptom. The utility of esophageal testing to enhance patient quality of life has been inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the impact of esophageal testing on patient well-being. Fifty-five patients undergoing esophageal testing were available for follow-up. Seventeen (31%) patients were classified in group 1: considered to have the esophagus as a likely etiology because of positive testing; 14 (25%) in group 2: possible contribution of the esophagus to symptoms; and 24 (44%) in group 3: unlikely esophageal etiology with negative testing. Thirty-four patients continued to be symptomatic at follow-up (median 112 days). The change in pain intensity from pretesting to follow-up was significant only for group 3 (P = 0.001). There was a decline in hospital utilization in all three groups. (Emergency room visit P = 0.004 group 1, hospital admissions P = 0.02, group 3). Group 1 and 2 patients tended to miss less work, social functions, and activities. Group 3 continued to stay in bed and avoid normal functions. Nine of 34 (26%) patients who were symptomatic at follow-up identified the esophagus as the source of symptoms. In all, 42% of group 1, 29% of group 2, and 18% of group 3 patients considered the esophagus to be the source of their symptoms. We conclude that esophageal testing does not always prevent the persistence of symptoms and that patients have misperceptions about testing results on follow-up.
Adult↗
Genuine genetics or conceited convenience?
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Humans↗
Plasma HVA levels following debrisoquine administration do not reflect cerebral dopamine loss in early Parkinson's disease.
Plasma levels of homovanillic acid (pHVA) following debrisoquine (DBQ) administration may be indicative of central dopaminergic activity. The effect of DBQ (10-20 mg) administration on pHVA in young healthy volunteers was studied to establish a protocol for use in de novo patients with Parkinson's disease. Subsequently, pHVA in de novo patients with Parkinson's disease were measured and compared to young healthy volunteers. Following DBQ (10 mg) administration to healthy volunteers, pHVA fell with time to a maximum of 62% of control values at 6 h. The decrease in pHVA was not affected by loading with DBQ (10 mg) 10 h previously (pHVA: 67.6 +/- 5.8% of preDBQ levels) or increasing the dose to 20 mg (56.1 +/- 11.8% of preDBQ levels) compared to a single 10 mg dose of debrisoquine (66.5 +/- 4.5% of preDBQ levels). pHVA was reduced in both de novo patients with Parkinson's disease and in healthy volunteers following DBQ (10 mg) administration. However, there was no difference in pHVA before or after DBQ administration when comparing the two groups. These results suggest that, following DBQ administration, pHVA does not reflect dopamine neuronal loss in de novo patients with Parkinson's disease, so it is unlikely to detect the disease before the clinical symptoms manifest themselves.
Adult↗
The effectiveness of components of University of Wisconsin solution in improving human pancreatic islet purification.
The purification of human pancreatic islets before transplantation relies on the density-dependent separation of islets from exocrine fragments after collagenase digestion of the donor pancreas. The results vary among pancreases despite increasing automation of the digestion and purification processes, reflecting variations in the overlapping densities of islets and contaminating exocrine tissue. Hypothermic storage of both the pancreas and the pancreatic digest alters cell volumes and tissue densities, thereby affecting islet purification. By biochemical analysis of the isopycnic distribution of islets and exocrine tissue fragments from 23 human pancreases on linear continuous density gradients, the effect of various solutions for cold storage of pancreatic digest was studied. The use of the University of Wisconsin cold storage solution, which resulted in a significant decrease in digest volume (P = 0.006) and increase in the densities of both exocrine tissue (P = 0.001) and islets (P = 0.005), produced a significant improvement in islet purity compared with tissue culture medium (P = 0.035), predominantly due to the inclusion of a colloid, which increased the difference in density between exocrine tissue and islets. The addition of large molecular weight cellular impermeants without alteration in the concentration of permeable anions produced no effect. The results of this study support the concept that the use of solutions that minimize cell swelling throughout the process of islet purification would result in significant improvements in density-dependent islet separation, and that such solutions should contain a colloid.
Adenosine↗
Diltiazem and superoxide dismutase modulate hepatic acute phase response in gram-negative sepsis.
This study assessed the hepatic acute phase response and cellular Ca2+ regulation in septic animals and in hepatoma cell lines in vitro. Sepsis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by implanting in their abdominal cavities fecal pellets impregnated with live Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. 8 h after implantations, rats were treated with diltiazem (1.2 mg/kg) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) (5 x 10(3) units/kg). After 24 h, plasma acute phase proteins (APP) were determined by immunoelectrophoresis, and hepatic APP-mRNAs by Northern blot hybridization. Effects of diltiazem, verapamil, or SOD on hepatic cells were determined in rat Reuber H-35 and human HepG2 hepatoma cells. Sepsis induced a significant increase in plasma APP and their hepatic mRNAs. Diltiazem and SOD reduced the sepsis-induced elevations in plasma lactate, the febrile response and mortality. APP expression in H-35 and HepG2 cells, stimulated by interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and dexamethasone, was inhibited by diltiazem or verapamil but not SOD. The results suggest that a heightened hepatic APP response in septic animals accompanies systemic/metabolic derangements and a significant animal mortality. Because diltiazem was previously shown to prevent sepsis-related disturbances in hepatic cellular Ca2+ regulation, its mediation of decrease in APP, systemic/metabolic response, and mortality may be effected through modifications in cellular Ca2+ regulation. The data from hepatoma cells show an attenuation of the AAP can result from direct effects of a calcium blocker. However, whether the blocker primarily modifies cellular Ca2+ regulation and secondarily effects APP gene expression, or directly effects gene expression remains unknown.
Acute-Phase Proteins↗
Dating scripts of gay men and lesbians.
Scripts for a first date for 51 gay men and 44 lesbians were explored. Well-defined scripts were found for both hypothetical and actual accounts. Hypothetical scripts contained fourteen actions for gay men and lesbians; eleven were common to both. Gay men's actual scripts had eighteen actions and lesbians' had nineteen, with twelve common to both. Gay men's scripts were more sexually oriented and less intimacy-focused than lesbians'. However, scripts for both genders were free of many other aspects of traditional heterosexual roles and involved some actions unique to this population.
Adult↗
Intestinal ischemia: reperfusion-mediated increase in hydroxyl free radical formation as reported by salicylate hydroxylation.
Oxygen free radicals may play a pivotal role in the development of the shock-induced inflammatory response syndrome. Hydroxyl free radicals (.OH) react with salicylate (SA) to form 2,5- and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) products. We utilized salicylate hydroxylation to investigate .OH formation during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After administering salicylate, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 45 min and then allowed to reperfuse for 90 min after declamping. No significant changes in plasma 2,3- and 2,5-DHBA/SA ratios were observed in sham-operated or in animals given intestinal ischemia without reperfusion. A significant increase (p < .05) in arterial, venous, and portal venous 2,5-DHBA/SA ratios occurred 5 min after reperfusion. This increase was prevented by allopurinol as well as by dimethylthiourea (.OH scavenger) pretreatment. 2,3-DHBA was significantly increased (p < .05) in venous and portal venous blood after 30 min of reperfusion, but was not detectable in plasma of allopurinol- and dimethylthiourea-treated rats. These results indicate that hydroxyl free radical formation as reported by SA hydroxylation appears to be important in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-related tissue injury.
Animals↗
Islet purification: optimisation of islet isolation solutions.
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Adenosine↗