Immunoperoxidase identification of intracellular immunoglobulins in human tissues.
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Fixatives↗
Biomedical subjects
S Reitamo
Publications and source records attributed to S Reitamo.
Cerebrospinal fluid lysozyme in bacterial and viral meningitis.
The concentration of lysozyme (LZM) in cerebrospinal fluid was determined in 25 patients with bacterial meningitis, in 18 patients with viral meningitis and in 25 control patients who had other fibrile illnesses. The concentration of LZM was less than 1.5 microgram/ml in all control patients, and slightly to markedly raised in 10 patients with viral meningitis and in 11 out of 13 patients with untreated bacterial meningitis. The concentration of LZM was significantly different in the viral and bacterial meningitis patients (p less than 0.001). Most raised concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid LZM persisted for at least one week after the start of antibiotic treatment. The concentrations of LZM correlated well with concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase. These results show that the determination of cerebrospinal fluid LZM is a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of meningitis, particularly when the prehospital treatment with antibiotics may be responsible for a diagnostically misleading negative bacterial culture of the cerebrospinal fluid and altered cerebrospinal fluid cytology.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Immunohistochemical identification of lysozyme in the minor salivary glands of man.
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Humans↗
Immunohistochemical identification of lysozyme in intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Lysozyme (LZM) was identified in ulcerative colitis in granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages of the intestinal lamina propria. In contrast with findings in normal colon or rectum, in ulcerative colitis LZM was also detected in some mucosal crypt cells and metaplastic Paneth cells. In both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease LZM was present in inflammatory cells of crypt abscesses. In Crohn's disease intense LZM staining was seen in epitheloid cell granulomas. The present observations permit one explanation for the raised concentration of serum-LZM in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Colitis, Ulcerative↗
Ontogeny of human lysozyme. Distribution in fetal tissues.
Using the immunoperoxidase method, major changes in the distribution of lysozyme (LZM) were found to occur during fetal development. At 10 weeks of gestation LZM was detected for the first time in the proximal tubules of the kidney. This generally coincides with the reported appearance of LZM in fetal blood and amniotic fluid. The enzyme was observed in lung macrophages and in mononuclear cells of the lamina propria of the small intestine in fetuses 12 and 16 weeks old, respectively. At about 18--20 weeks, LZM-positive mononuclear cells were detected in other tissues tested, such as liver, spleen and thymus. Paneth cells were found to be specifically stained at about 20 weeks of gestation. The timing of the appearance of LZM in the various tissues is discussed in relation to the functional maturation of each organ and the ontogeny of this enzyme in other species.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Lysozyme activity in cerebrospinal fluid.
The concentration of lysozyme (LZM) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been studied in 148 patients to evaluate its possible significance in the differential diagnosis of various diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In the control group only 3 of 45 patients had detectable LZM in their CSF, the highest value being 1.3 mug/ml. The diabetic and epileptic groups did not differ from the control group. Of 8 patients with primary intracranial tumours, 4 had raised CSF-LZM levels. Twenty of 23 uraemic patients had elevated CSF-LZM, the highest value being 3.3 mug/ml. The highest values were found in patients with bacterial meningitis, tuberculous meningitis and leptomeningitis due to Aspergillus. A positive correlation was found between CSF-LZM and protein concentrations. The measurement of LZM may be of value in the diagnosis of inflammatory processes affecting the CNS and in the diagnosis of certain intracranial tumours.
Aged↗
Tissue distribution of lysozyme in man.
The distribution of lysozyme (LZM) in normal human tissues was determined with the use of the immunoglobulin-enzyme (peroxidase) bridge method. LZM was detected in the following cells and tissues: secretory cells of the lacrimal gland, ductal epithelial cells of the parotid gland and the serous parts of the mixed sublingual glands, the esophageal submucosal glands, bronchial serous submucosal glands, gastric and pyloric glands, Brunner's glands of the duodenum, the Paneth cells of the small intestine, Kupffer cells of the liver and renal proximal tubular cells. In addition, LZM was also found in the mononuclear or polymorphonuclear cells of the placenta, lung, lamina propria of the small intestine, lymph nodes and spleen. This distribution of LZM is discussed in relation to its possible physiologic role in human tissues and particularly to its known antibacterial properties.
Fluorescent Antibody Technique↗
Complement system.
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Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
Comparison of cyclosporin and UVAB phototherapy for intermittent one-year treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Although cyclosporin is effective for the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis, phototherapy is the standard second-line treatment for this disease. An open, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study was conducted to compare the efficacy, influence on quality of life and safety of cyclosporin and UVAB phototherapy during 1 year of intermittent treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients. The main endpoints of the study were the number of days in remission and the influence on quality of life. Seventy-two patients were treated, 36 in each group. Cyclosporin produced significantly more days in remission than UVAB phototherapy during the 1-year study period. At the end of the study no difference between the 2 groups was noted in terms of quality of life. A significant increase in serum creatinine occurred in 2 patients and 7 patients developed mild or moderate hypertension during cyclosporin treatment. It can be concluded that intermittent cyclosporin seems to be more effective than UVAB and is reasonably safe for the treatment of atopic dermatitis over a 1-year treatment period.
Administration, Topical↗
Treatment of lichenified atopic eczema with tacrolimus ointment.
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Administration, Cutaneous↗
Immunohistochemical identification of inflammatory cells in secretory and chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma using monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies (OKT 3,4,6,8 and OKIa) were used in conjunction with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method to classify inflammatory cells in 6 biopsies of the middle ear mucosa in patients with secretory otitis media (SOM) and in 19 middle ear or mastoidal biopsies in patients with chronic otitis media (COM). Mononuclear cell infiltrates under the mucosal epithelium were found to consist mainly of T4 positive (helper-inducer) T-lymphocytes (50-60%). T8 positive (suppressor-cytotoxic) T-lymphocytes accounted for 20-30% of the cells. T4 positive cells were confined to the round cell infiltrates, whereas T8 positive cells were also located under the mucosal epithelium and seemed to penetrate it. There were no differences between SOM or COM with regard to the distribution or localization of T4 and T8 cells. T6 and Ia positive Langerhans cells were found in the ingrowing tympanic membrane squamous epithelium and in the cavity skin. The number and distribution of these T6 positive cells were similar to those observed in the skin. In the thick cholesteatoma epithelium these cells were somewhat unevenly distributed but were more numerous than in other sites studied. The results are indicative of a normal cell-mediated mucosal response to infection.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Human lysozyme (origin and distribution in health and disease).
Histochemical and in particular immunoperoxidase techniques have extended our knowledge about the cellular distribution of LZM. The enzyme has been detected in: 1. granulocytes, which synthesize LZM in bone marrow; 2. cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, which synthesize LZM continuously; 3. various exocrine glands, whose LZM is probably in part synthesized locally and in part derived from blood; 4. cartilage, which probably synthesizes LZM and 5. the kidney, in which LZM is serum-derived. In pathological conditions, such as inflammation and neoplasia, most LZM-positive cells at the site of disease are either granulocytes or members of the mono-nuclear phagocytic system. A notable exception are the metaplastic Paneth cells that occur along the gastrointestinal tract in inflammation and neoplasia. LZM is an antibacterial agent, but evidence is accumulating which suggests that the enzyme might have other functions as well.
Animals↗