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Biomedical subjects

S Reitamo

Publications and source records attributed to S Reitamo.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Eczematous reactions in atopic patients caused by epicutaneous testing with inhalant allergens.

To determine whether inhalant allergens could induce eczematous lesions we studied 17 patients with atopic eczema (with or without allergic rhinitis), 13 patients with allergic rhinitis without atopic eczema and 10 healthy control subjects. The allergens, birch pollen (Betula verrucosa) and house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), were applied in aluminium chambers for 48 h on clinically normal skin. In 17 patients with atopic eczema, six epicutaneous test reactions of the delayed type to birch pollen and three to house dust mite were seen at 48 or 72 h. In 13 patients with allergic rhinitis without eczema there was one delayed reaction to birch pollen and none to house dust mite. No delayed type test reactions to either allergen were seen in the controls. Biopsies of the positive test sites revealed an eczematous reaction with epidermal spongiosis and microvesiculation. Immunostaining of cryostat sections showed dermal cell infiltrates consisting of mainly T lymphocytes (ratio of T4:T8, 2-6:I) and to a lesser degree Langerhans and indeterminate T6+ cells. 50-90% of the cells were Ia+. The numbers of basophils and mast cells did not exceed 10-15%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effects of a human urinary mitogen on subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes.

We have earlier isolated, to apparent homogeneity, a 27-28 kD human basic protein (UM) from the urine of a patient with myelomonocytic leukaemia. UM is a mitogen for resting human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML). We have now further defined the effect of UM on human PBML and their subpopulations in 6-day cultures. Cell proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine uptake and Ig production by the plaque forming cell (PFC) response. Whole PBML responded to UM with proliferation and an increase in PFC. The PFC response was at best equal to and frequently synergistic with that produced by pokeweed mitogen and occurred in the three major Ig classes. To test the effect of UM on subpopulations of PBML, adherent cells (AC) were isolated by plastic adherence and T and B enriched populations by rosetting with sheep red blood cells. The proliferative response of T cells needed the presence of AC whilst the effect on Ig production by B cells required both T cell help and the presence of AC. Human thymocytes also responded to UM by proliferation. The results show that, in addition to being a T cell mitogen, UM is also a T cell dependent polyclonal B cell activator.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1984

Immunocompetent and accessory cells in dermatitis herpetiformis.

Monoclonal antibodies were used in conjunction with the biotin-avidin immunolectin method and the indirect immunofluorescence method to detect lymphocyte subsets in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) in 50% potassium iodide (KI)-induced skin lesions and in density-gradient-isolated peripheral blood. The proportions of T3-, T4-, and T8-positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood in patients with DH were 76 +/- 6, 48 +/- 7, and 28 +/- 4% and did not differ significantly from those in healthy controls. Among the inflammatory cells in situ in the reticular dermis, 82 +/- 5% were T3-positive lymphocytes, indicating a T-lymphocyte dominance in mature KI-induced DH lesions. The difference in the proportion of T4-positive lymphocytes in mature DH skin lesions and in patient blood was significant (63 +/- 9 and 48 +/- 7%, respectively (P less than 0.001), indicating that the composition of the dermal infiltrate does not reflect nonselective entrapment of blood mononuclear cells in situ. Studies of the kinetics of the local inflammatory response disclosed that at the preblister stage endogenous peroxidase-positive cells and granular, extracellular peroxidase were observed in the dermal papillae only 6 hr after induction, suggesting locally released proteinases as possible complement-degrading factors. Second, at the same time 63 +/- 15% of the inflammatory round cells in the dermis were Ia-positive, endogenous peroxidase-negative, T3- and T6-negative cells, indicating a pathomorphogenetic role for an early event no longer observable in the mature DH skin lesion.

Dermatitis Herpetiformis↗
PubMed1983

Lymphocyte infiltrations of the gastric mucosa in Sjögren's syndrome. An immunoperoxidase study using monoclonal antibodies in the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method.

Biopsy specimens of the gastric mucosa from 7 patients with primary or secondary Sjögren's syndrome were studied using the immunohistochemical avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Monoclonal antibodies (OKT series) were used as a primary layer to detect the surface antigens of various lymphocyte subsets in situ. Chronic inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltrates and/or glandular atrophy was seen in all 7 biopsy specimens. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the cell infiltrates consisted mainly of OKT3-positive T lymphocytes. In 1 patient plasma cells predominated at the sites of inflammation. Most of the T cells were OKT4-reactive lymphocytes, the OKT4/OKT8 ratio varying between 3 and 7. These findings from the gastric mucosa are in agreement with those obtained from the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome and confirm the view that Sjögren's syndrome is a systemic disease affecting many organs, rather than a local disease restricted only to some exocrine glands.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1983

Sjögren's syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: immune effector cells in salivary glands.

A simultaneously capturing azo dye method for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase was used to characterize the cellular infiltrate in labial salivary glands in 25 patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). There was no significant difference in the T-pattern lymphocyte percentage in situ between the untreated group with SS and the group treated with 10 +/- 2 mg prednisone/day. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between the T-pattern lymphocyte percentage in situ and the focus-score value. In secondary (2 degrees) SS in cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively, 55% +/- 4% (range 41-69) and 43% +/- 7% (range 15-80) of all inflammatory cells in the periductal lymphocyte-rich infiltrates were T-pattern lymphocytes. In other SS patients the corresponding value was 28% +/- 7% (range 4-50). The T-pattern lymphocyte percentage in situ was dependent on the disorder associated with SS (P = 0.07). The present results indicate the dominance of T-lymphocytes in situ in 2 degrees SS with SLE and suggest that there are differences in cell-mediated immunity in different clinical subgroups of SS.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cellular infiltrate in situ and response kinetics of human intradermal and epicutaneous tuberculin reactions.

Monoclonal antibodies used in the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method and a histochemical azo-dye method for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) were used to identify T lymphocytes and their functional subpopulations, B cells, and mononuclear phagocytes in tuberculin-test reactions. At 6 and 24 hr up to 52% of all dermal inflammatory cells in situ were T6+, whereas at 72 hr no T6+ cells were observed in the dermis. This suggests that in the initial phases of tuberculin reactions the epidermal Langerhans cells are mobilized to the perivascular spaces in the dermis. At 6, 24, and 48 hr T3+ T lymphocytes usually formed the main inflammatory cell type in situ. The high proportion of Ia+ T lymphocytes and the variations in the local proportion and numbers of T4+ and T8+ cells suggest that T cells play an active role in the generation of a positive tuberculin reaction. At 72 hr T-pattern ANAE+ lymphocytes accounted for 64 +/- 9 and 35 +/- 10% of all cells in situ in epicutaneous and intradermal tuberculin reactions, respectively (P less than 0.05). The corresponding values for M-pattern ANAE+ macrophages were 27 +/- 9 and 53 +/- 10% (P less than 0.10). This indicates that the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes is delayed if tuberculin is applied epicutaneously rather than injected intradermally.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Inflammatory cells in sarcoid granulomas detected by monoclonal antibodies and an esterase technique.

Inflammatory cells in situ in Kveim reaction papules were identified in 15 patients with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and biotin-avidin-peroxidase methods for surface epitopes and with a simultaneously capturing azo dye method for cytoplasmic acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). The spatial relationship of cells in granulomas indicates a concentric arrangement. Endogenous peroxidase-negative, ANAE+, but OKIa-negative immunoincompetent epithelioid cells were in the center. T3+, ANAE+ T lymphocytes formed 60-80% of all cells in the lymphocyte mantle surrounding the epithelioid core. T4/T8 was 2:1. Equal proportions (5-15%) of Ia+ lymphocytes and M pattern ANAE+, endogenous peroxidase-positive mononuclear phagocytes on the one hand and T3+ and T pattern ANAE+ cells on the other in individual patients indicate that the proportion of activated T blasts in situ was less than 15%. The close contacts between different immunocompetent cells in the periphery indicates this as the site for cellular interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Immunocompetent cells in labial salivary glands in secondary Sjögren's syndrome associated with SLE.

T and B lymphocyte (sub)populations were identified by monoclonal hybridoma antibodies (the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method), in the periductal lymphocyte-rich infiltrates in the labial salivary glands of 8 patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome (2 degrees SS) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 59 +/- 7% and 17 +/- 3% of inflammatory round cells in situ were T3-positive and surface(SIg)- or cytoplasmic(CIg) immunoglobulin-positive, respectively. This suggests a local T lymphocyte dominance in salivary glands in 2 degrees SS associated with SLE. The local ratio of cells expressing T inducer/helper: T suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype was 3.5 +/- 0.8 (range 0.9-7.6) indicating large variations between individual patients. 46 +/- 9% of all inflammatory cells in situ were endogenous peroxidase-negative, Ia-positive cells, suggesting an active role for the locally accumulated T lymphocytes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A method for the identification of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes by sequential immunogold and esterase double staining.

A double staining method involving the sequential use of monoclonal OKT hybridoma antibodies applied in the colloidal immunogold method and followed by a simultaneously capturing azo dye method for the detection of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) is described. Mononuclear leukocytes isolated from human peripheral blood using a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient were stained. M-pattern ANAE-positive monocytes (diffuse staining) were excluded from the lymphocyte counts. 80 +/- 5% of all lymphocytes were T-pattern ANAE positive (dot-like staining) and 77 +/- 3% were OKT3 positive. 86 +/- 6% of all ANAE-positive T-pattern lymphocytes were also OKT3 positive, and 89 +/- 6% of all OKT3-positive lymphocytes were also ANAE positive. This indicates that ANAE is a good marker for total human T lymphocytes. 53 +/- 10% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were OKT4 positive and 87 +/- 8% of all OKT4-positive lymphocytes were also ANAE positive. 30 +/- 6% of all lymphocytes were OKT8 positive, and only 26 +/- 18% of all OKT8-positive lymphocytes were ANAE negative. This indicates that ANAE cannot be used to distinguish T-helper and T-suppressor lymphocytes as identified by monoclonal antibodies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1983

Factors affecting the immunoperoxidase demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulins and J chain from cytocentrifuged cell smears.

Immunohistochemical methods were used to study 1) the optimum fixation conditions for the preservation of human J chain and immunoglobulin (Ig) immunoreactivity and 2) the relation of J chain synthesis by plasmablasts and plasma cells to Ig synthesis in cell smears of cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). J chain was demonstrated using the indirect immunoperoxidase method, and intracellular Ig was demonstrated with the unlabeled antibody--enzyme method. In the sequential double staining procedure, J chain was demonstrated using the indirect immunoperoxidase method followed by the demonstration of Ig with the direct immunofluorescence method. Optimum preservation of J chain immunoreactivity was obtained with fixation in neutral buffered formalin at 22 degrees C for 5 min followed by immediate immunoperoxidase staining. False negative results were seen when the slides were stained 2 weeks after fixation. In PWM-stimulated smears, J chain appeared on day three, simultaneously with or after the onset of Ig synthesis. In double stained smears most IgG-positive cells also showed immunoreactivity for J chain from the third day on.

Fluorescent Antibody Technique↗
PubMed1982

Skin response to intradermal DNA and RNA in systemic lupus erythematosus.

The local response of 18 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus to 0.1 ml of intradermally injected 0.1% polymerized calf thymus DNA and synthetic double-stranded polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid was studied. In 14 patients positive for DNA, 61 +/- 8% of the inflammatory cells in the subepidermis at 24 hours were acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase-positive T lymphocytes. A leukocytoclastic vasculitis was observed in the deeper dermis. Rheumatoid arthritis patients and acne patients had negative responses. These results indicated an abnormal cellular and humoral in vivo response by patients with systemic lupus to DNA. It is suggested that the epidermal Langerhans cells were responsible for the topographic dichotomy of the local DNA response. Test results were positive for polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in 12 patients, for DNA in 14 patients, and for both in 9 patients. In the 9 patients with positive results for both tests, comparison of responses to each test indicated that the reaction intensity was dependent on the patient and not on the type of polynucleotide acid that was injected.

DNA↗
PubMed1982

Fixation-dependent cytoplasmic false-positive staining with an immunoperoxidase method.

Fixation-dependent nonspecific staining with the unlabeled immunoperoxidase (PAP) method was studied using paraffin-embedded human spleen sections fixed in various fixatives; the specific primary antiserum was omitted or nonimmunized normal rabbit serum was used. Strong cytoplasmic staining of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages was found after fixation in acetone, alcoholic formalin (94% alcohol) and absolute ethanol. This staining was mainly produced by the second layer of the PAP method. The most probable explanation of this phenomenon is nonspecific protein-immunoglobulin interaction as a result of alcoholic or acetone fixation of the sections. The present findings point to the importance of controls for each case under study to avoid false-positive interpretations.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Human ferritin: effects of antigen source and fixation on leucocyte staining by immunoperoxidase technique.

The localization of ferritin was studied in peripheral blood cells and variously fixed tissues with the antibodies against ferritins isolated from human heart and spleen. The unlabelled antibody enzyme method (PAP) was used to detect the binding sites of antibodies. In peripheral blood cell smears both antisera gave rise to strong staining of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell cytoplasm, whereas the monocytes stained relatively weakly. There were no staining differences between the two antisera. In human spleen sections the spleen ferritin antiserum stained the PMN cells and sinusoidal lining cells, whereas the heart ferritin antiserum stained only PMN cells. Neither of the two antisera stained monocytes in the spleen sections. This finding was observed in specimens fixed in Bouin's fixative, Baker's fixative and neutral formalin. However, the immunoreactivity of ferritin was totally destroyed by some other fixatives (Carnoy's fixative, formol sucrose and glutaraldehyde). These results suggest that ferritin is more readily released from monocytes than from PMN cells, and that mature spleen macrophages contain antigenic determinants of ferritin that are recognized only by anti-spleen ferritin antiserum.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1982

Oral lesions in lichen planus and systemic lupus erythematosus. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

The present study aimed to characterize and compare the inflammatory cells in the oral lesions in lichen planus and systemic lupus erythematosus. The inflammatory cell subtypes were identified by the combined use of morphological criteria and intracellular markers. In lichen planus 70-90% of all lymphocytes in a band-like submucosal infiltrate were acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (= ANAE)-positive T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte band was sandwiched between mature tissue macrophages and plasma cells. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the lymphoid cell infiltrate pattern was more variable with extension of the infiltrate to the deeper connective layers and with a more patchy arrangement. The number of ANAE-negative (B) lymphocytes equalled the numbers of ANAE-positive T lymphocytes. In addition, large numbers of plasma cells were present in some lupus patients. In both diseases IgG was produced by 80% of all plasma cells in situ and there were equal portions of cells containing kappa and lambda light chains.

Histocytochemistry↗
PubMed1981

Inflammatory cells in the middle ear mucosa in cases of chronic otitis media.

Middle ear mucosal biopsy specimens were taken from 12 patients with chronic otitis media. The specimens from 11 cases contained enough inflammatory cells for a detailed study of the inflammatory cell subtypes in the lamina propria. T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and plasma cells were the most frequent cell types except in two patients, in whom most of the inflammatory lymphocytes were B lymphocytes. The relative scarcity of B lymphocytes could be caused by activation and transformation to plasma cells. The close contact between different immunocompetent cells suggests T- and B-cell interactions. However, pseudolymphoid transformation with primary and secondary lymphatic follicles was observed in only one patient. The relative scarcity of granulocytes in the submucosal infiltrate could be caused by the movement of these cells through the epithelium into the discharge.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1981

Characterization of the immunocompetent cells of rheumatoid synovium from tissue sections and eluates.

T lymphocytes positively identified by alphanaphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) (70%) were localized in perivascular "cuffs" in rheumatoid synovia. ANAE-negative lymphocytes (B lymphocytes) were primarily within the reactive lymphoid centers, whereas intracellular Ig-expressing plasma cells were outside the centers. Lysozyme of diffuse ANAE expressing mononuclear phagocytes (5-15%) were diffusely dispersed, but were seldom found in the lymphoid centers. There were few granulocytes (10%). On elution, plasma cells and lymphocytes were lost. Most granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the eluate were immunoglobulin-positive. The in situ architecture is compatible with active immunologic inflammation and T-dependent immunoglobulin synthesis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗