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Biomedical subjects

S Reiss

Publications and source records attributed to S Reiss.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Joint occurrence of depression and aggression in children and adults with mental retardation.

The relationship between aggression and depression was evaluated for 528 adults, adolescents and children, who were rated on either the adult or child versions of the Reiss instruments for dual diagnosis (Reiss 1988; Reiss & Valenti-Hein 1990). Criterion levels of depression were evident in about four times as many aggressive as nonaggressive subjects. Anger was significantly associated with both aggression and depression. Although anger may play a mediational role in the correlation between aggression and depression, in this study there was a significant correlation even after the effects of anger were held constant. The findings provide an initial step toward improving diagnostic specificity when evaluating aggressive behaviour in people with mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of a man with a dual diagnosis.

This case assessment of a man with dual diagnosis exemplifies the use of recent psychological measures, computerized programs, and structured assessment, including the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior, the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults, the Apperceptive Personality Test, and the Residential Services Indicator. In this case, computerized scoring of two very different tests (the Reiss Screen and the Apperceptive Personality Test) yielded very similar results.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Doctors and AIDS.

Just a year ago most authorities considered the chances of patients contracting AIDS from doctors and other healthcare workers a virtual impossibility. But last week a Florida woman who got AIDS from her dentist lay near death, and two Minneapolis physicians admitted they had treated hundreds of patients since being diagnosed with the virus. Although doctors are at far greater risk than patients, the Minneapolis cases renewed the debate over the right of sides to know each other's HIV status.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of dual diagnosis in community-based day programs in the Chicago metropolitan area.

A two-step methodology was used to estimate the prevalence of dual diagnosis among persons participating in community-based day programs in the Chicago metropolitan area. In Step 1, a dual diagnosis screening test was administered to a random sample of 205 people with mental retardation. In Step 2, 59 subjects were evaluated by clinical psychologists who did not know the results of the screening test. The results consistently suggested very high rates, with the best data suggesting an overall rate of about 39%. The rates were high primarily because personality disorders were very common. The fact that only 11.7% of the subjects had a psychiatric diagnosis in their case files suggests that dual diagnosis was underdiagnosed for this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Identifying danger and anxiety expectancies as components of common fears.

The hypothesis was the common fears can be analyzed into separate factors for danger and anxiety expectancies. Six scales were constructed to measure danger and anxiety expectancies for the fears of flying, heights, and public speaking. The internal reliabilities of the scales were assessed in Study 1. The unreliable items were then deleted, and the revised scales were assessed in Study 2. The revised scales were found to have a satisfactory degree of internal consistency and test/retest reliability. For each fear, the items of the danger and anxiety expectancy scales were pooled and then submitted to a factor analysis. The danger and anxiety expectancy scales formed separate factors for each fear. The results were near-perfect; 51 of 53 items had factor loadings that were consistent with the distinction between danger and anxiety expectancies. It also was found that danger and anxiety expectancies are specific for each fear; that is, a person can have one fear that is danger-based and another that is anxiety-based. The findings have implications for understanding fears. Future research is suggested to test Reiss and McNally's (1985) hypothesis that desensitization might be more effective than credible placebo in the treatment of danger-based fear but that both desensitization and credible placebo are about equally effective in the treatment of anxiety-based fear.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Social skill deficiencies associated with depressed mood of mentally retarded adults.

Specific social skill deficiencies associated with depressed mood were identified in a group of 45 mentally retarded adults with mixed or no psychiatric diagnoses. Self-report and informant-rated measures of social skills, social support, and depressed mood were obtained. One set of results replicated previous findings that high levels of depressed mood are associated with poor social skills and low levels of social support. Another set of findings identified 30 social skill deficits associated with depressed mood. We found that the retarded subjects with depressed mood were withdrawn and interacted less with others and that their social interactions were more inappropriate and ineffective. Some instances of antisocial behavior might be motivated by depressed mood.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1985

Psychosocial correlates of depression in mentally retarded adults: I. Minimal social support and stigmatization.

Two hypotheses were tested in a study with 28 mildly mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed adults and 17 mildly mentally retarded adults for whom an emotional disorder had not been diagnosed: depression is associated with (a) low levels of social support and (b) high levels of perceived stigmatization. Self-report and informant measures of depression, social support, and perceived stigmatization were collected. The self-report and informant measures of the same construct were significantly correlated. Results revealed negative correlations between depression and social support ranging between -.25 and -.76 and positive correlations between depression and perceived stigmatization ranging from .11 to .44. After additional analyses comparing depressed subjects, disturbed/nondepressed subjects, and nondisturbed/nondepressed subjects, the results were interpreted as showing a powerful association between low levels of social support and depression. Convincing evidence of an association between perceived stigmatization and depression was not found.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1985

Psychosocial correlates of depression in mentally retarded adults: II. Poor social skills.

This is the second report on the results of an investigation of the psychosocial correlates of depression in mildly mentally retarded adults. Results of the present study showed that depression was associated with informant ratings of poor social skills. The results of the entire investigation suggest that further research is necessary on the associations among poor social skills, low levels of social support, and the occurrence of depression in mentally retarded adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Surfactants: a survey of short-term genotoxicity testing.

The available results for tests on over 200 surfactants in nine short-term genotoxicity assay systems were reviewed. These tests included the Salmonella/microsome mutation assay, bacterial DNA repair tests, mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mouse lymphoma cell-mutation assay, unscheduled DNA synthesis and sister chromatid exchange assays in mammalian cells, mammalian chromosome damage tests in vitro and in vivo, the dominant lethal test in rodents, and mammalian cell-transformation tests. The collected data cover all four major classes of surfactants: anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric. The results of these genotoxicity tests were overwhelmingly negative. Although there were occasional positive results in bacterial or cell-transformation systems, the testing performed to date indicates that surfactants have negligible potential to cause genetic damage. The available data also indicate that none of the assays were incompatible with testing surfactants for genotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Awareness of negative social conditions among mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed outpatients.

Many mentally retarded people experience negative social conditions for long periods in their lives. These include the stigmatizing effects of being labeled mentally retarded, rejection and ridicule, segregation, infantilization, social disruption, restricted opportunities, and victimization. Many mildly and some moderately retarded people are highly aware of these negative social realities and can articulate them in detail during psychotherapy interviews; the authors describe three such patients. There is a need for research on the possible effect of prolonged exposure to negative social conditions on the mental health of mentally retarded persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Generality of diagnostic overshadowing across disciplines.

In a 2 X 2 experimental design, advanced students in social work and clinical psychology rated the same case description of a debilitating fear on eight scales of psychopathology and need for therapy. The fear was rated as less neurotic, less irrational, and less likely to require desensitization therapy when the client was mentally retarded vs. of average intelligence. There were no significant differences in the ratings of the students in clinical psychology vs. social work. The results suggest that diagnostic overshadowing is not specific to the discipline of psychology and point to the need for explicit training of future mental health professionals in diagnosing emotional disturbances accompanying mental retardation.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons.

Possible associations between professional experience with mentally retarded people and diagnostic overshadowing were evaluated. In a 3 X 2 factorial experiment, psychologists at state developmental disabilities facilities (high-experience group), psychologists at state mental health facilities (moderate-experience group), and clinical graduate students (low-experience group) rated a case history of a person with schizophrenia on 11 scales of psychopathology. For approximately half of the subjects within each group, the client was mentally retarded in addition to schizophrenic; for the remaining subjects, the client had average intelligence. Professional experience was associated with diagnostic ratings but not with overshadowing. We concluded that diagnostic overshadowing is unrelated to a broad range of professional experience with retarded people.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗