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Biomedical subjects

S Reddy

Publications and source records attributed to S Reddy.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Pregnancy rates after operative endoscopic treatment of total (neosalpingostomy) or near total (salpingostomy) distal tubal occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of the endoscopic treatment of complete distal tubal occlusion or moderate to severe tubal phimosis and to analyze outcome using contemporary statistical methodologies. DESIGN: Prospective cohort analysis. SETTING: Tertiary-care institution. PATIENTS: One hundred thirteen consecutive patients undergoing a neosalpingostomy or salpingostomy. INTERVENTIONS: KTP/532 laser (Laserscope, Santa Clara, CA) laparoscopy. Additional infertility factors were treated postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Crude pregnancy rate (PR), monthly fecundity rate, monthly probability of pregnancy, cure rate, and cumulative PRs. Outcome was compared on the basis of the surgical procedure performed. The impact of endometriosis as well as other fertility factors was analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients conceived yielding a crude PR of 20.4%, a monthly fecundity rate of 2.6%, a monthly probability of pregnancy of 6.4%, and a cure rate of 52.4%. There were six ectopic pregnancies (5.3%). A significant difference was found among the cumulative pregnancy curves. The cumulative pregnancy curve for unilateral salpingostomy differed significantly from that of unilateral neosalpingostomy. Patients with endometriosis and no other infertility factors had a significantly better cumulative pregnancy curve compared with patients without endometriosis or other factors as well as compared with patients with no endometriosis but with other infertility factors. Patients undergoing bilateral neosalpingostomy had a cure rate of 9.0% whereas patients undergoing bilateral salpingostomy had a cure rate of 34.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Operative endoscopy yields PRs that are comparable to those reported in the literature for laparotomy. The presence of complete bilateral distal tubal occlusion has a negative impact on outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Potential radioprotective agents--V. Melatonin analogs. Oral activity of p-aminopropiophenone and its ethylene ketal.

Seven new amides of 5-methoxytryptamine were synthesized and tested for radioprotective activity in mice. One of them, the heptafluorobutyramide 4, is moderately active (57% survivors), the rest demonstrate little or no activity. Of twelve compounds that had been found to exhibit high radioprotective activity by ip injection, only two [p-aminopropiophenone (9) and its ethylene ketal 8] retain that high activity (92-95% survivors) when administered orally. Three are moderately active: p-aminobenzonitrile (10, 55%), 5-methoxytryptamine octanoic amide (11, 50%), and p-aminobenzophenone (12, 48%).

5-Methoxytryptamine↗
PubMed1994

Potential radioprotective agents--IV. Schiff bases.

Twelve Schiff bases were prepared using salicylaldehyde, one with 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde, one with benzaldehyde, and a series of anilines substituted in the m- or p-positions. They were assayed for radioprotective activity in male, Swiss mice irradiated with a nearly lethal dose (950 cGy) of 6 mV photons produced by a linear accelerator, and were compared with the parent amines. Schiff base formation reduced toxicity of the parent amines; its effect on radioprotective activity was erratic, increasing activity in some cases, decreasing activity in others, and having no effect in still others. Radioprotective activity appears to be unrelated to a number of molecular descriptors. The highest radioprotection (100%) was observed for mixtures of p-aminopropiophenone with its Schiff base, or with the Schiff base of 1-(p-aminophenyl)-1-propanol (95%).

Amines↗
PubMed1994

Targeting of pancreatic islets of severe combined immunodeficient mice by passive transfer of allogeneic spleen cells from non-obese diabetic mice.

The precise role of immune cells in beta cell killing and their manner of invasion of pancreatic islets in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are unclear. We have attempted to target pancreatic islets of severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with spleen cells from diabetic and non-diabetic female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice given i.p. or i.v. Pancreatic, liver and kidney sections of SCID mice were assessed histologically for the presence of donor cells. The presence of raised levels of serum Ig was also used as an index of engraftment of donor cells in the periphery of SCID mice. All six SCID mice which received i.v. spleen cells from normal Swiss mice died within 2 weeks from graft versus host disease (GVHD) whereas five out of nine mice survived for 30 days after i.p. injection. No deaths were recorded after i.v. or i.p. injection of spleen cells from NOD mice. Pancreatic islets of four out of six SCID recipients of diabetic and three out of five recipients of non-diabetic spleen cells following i.p. injection showed lymphocytic infiltrates in the peri-islet and perivascular regions. All SCID mice which received i.v. spleen cells from diabetic (six SCID recipients) and non-diabetic NOD mice (seven SCID recipients) showed peri-islet and perivascular infiltrates in their pancreas. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the islet engrafted cells were of CD4 and CD8 phenotype. Donor cells were also observed in the exocrine pancreas of some recipients. A majority of mice showed various degrees of lymphocytic aggregates in the perivascular regions of the liver but not in the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Vegetarian diets and children.

The diets and growth of children reared on vegetarian diets are reviewed. Excessive bulk combined with low energy density can be a problem for children aged < or = 5 y and can lead to imparied growth. Diets that have a high content of phytate and other modifiers of mineral absorption are associated with an increased prevalence of rickets and iron-deficiency anemia. Vitamin B-12 deficiency is a real hazard in unsupplemented or unfortified vegan and vegetarian diets. It is suggested that vegans and vegetarians should use oils with a low ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid in view of the recently recognized role of docosahexaenoic acid in visual functioning. If known pitfalls are avoided, the growth and development of children reared on both vegan and vegetarian diets appears normal.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1994

Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients with AIDS.

Twenty-seven episodes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in 21 patients with AIDS were evaluated at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in 1987-1992. Of 21 primary episodes, 12 were acquired in the community, 8 were nosocomial, and one was acquired in a nursing home. Sources of bacteremia (i.e., sites of infection; n = 30) included the lungs (12 cases) an indwelling vascular catheter (9), and the upper respiratory tract (5, including 2 cases of sinusitis, 2 cases of malignant external otitis, and 1 case of epiglottis/pharyngeal cellulitis); in 4 cases the source was unknown. White blood cell counts ranged from 0.1 to 26.2 (mean, 4.32) x 10(3)/mm3; in 19 of 26 cases, the absolute neutrophil count was > 1 x 10(3)/mm3. With the exclusion of primary episodes of bacteremia that resulted in death, the rate of relapse was 33.3% (5 of 15 cases). Mortality for the 25 evaluable episodes of bacteremia was 40% (32% for primary infection and 80% for relapse; P = .06); 52.6% of evaluable patients (10 of 19) ultimately died of P. aeruginosa bacteremia. The institution of appropriate therapy at presentation did not positively affect outcome. Rates of response were higher among episodes treated with a drug combination (an antipseudomonal beta-lactam or monobactam antibiotic plus an aminoglycoside) than among those treated with a single agent (P = .036).

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1994

The effect of low dose lofepramine in depressed elderly patients in general medical wards.

A double-blind randomised controlled trial of the effect of low dose lofepramine (70 mg once daily) against placebo was carried out on depressed elderly inpatients on general medical wards for the elderly, comparing measures of depression and side-effects between the randomised groups. Patients were identified for the study using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Brief Assessment Schedule Depression Cards (BASDEC). Sixty-three subjects were randomised: 46 patients completed the entire trial of 28 days treatment. BASDEC and GDS were administered on day 8 post-admission, and depressed patients were randomised double-blind to either low dose lofepramine (70 mg daily) (n = 23) or placebo (n = 23). Assessment of changes in depressive states were made using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) on days 8, 18 and 36 post-admission. Both groups improved by a similar amount during the trial. Lofepramine tended to be more effective than placebo in those patients who were more depressed (GDS > or = 18). On the other hand, subjects who were less depressed (i.e. GDS < 18) improved more on placebo than lofepramine. Low dose lofepramine may prove useful in moderately or severely depressed patients treated for only 4 weeks. However, low dose lofepramine is not indicated for mild (GDS 15-18) depression.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on cellular element concentrations in rat proximal tubules: evidence for inhibition of the sodium pump.

1. In order to further define the action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on proximal tubular (PT) transport, combined clearance and electron microprobe X-ray (EMPX) experiments were performed on five male Wistar rats infused with ANP (0.16 nmol/kg per h) and nine control animals. 2. Electron microprobe X-ray analysis of PT cell electrolytes (mmol/kg wet weight) revealed a similar [Na]i in both the control and ANP treated groups (16.4 +/- 0.4 vs 16.5 +/- 0.4; P = 0.894). [Cl]i was lower in the ANP treated animals (14.8 +/- 0.3 vs 12.0 +/- 0.3; P < 0.0001) as was [K]i (131.4 +/- 1.4 vs 114 +/- 1.7; P < 0.0001). The PT cells in the ANP treated group had a significant reduction in dry weight (20.1 +/- 0.3 g% vs 19.0 +/- 0.3 g%; P < 0.024), indicating significant cell swelling. Thus, despite a normal [Na]i, there was net accumulation of Nai following ANP treatment. 3. These results are consistent with accumulation of Nai due to inhibition of the Na pump followed by cell swelling and subsequent regulatory volume decrease with exit of K and Cl. These results are the first to show the effect of ANP on PT intracellular electrolytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The influence of maternal vegetarian diet on essential fatty acid status of the newborn.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether a maternal vegetarian diet influences the essential fatty acid status of the newborn and whether this is related to outcome of pregnancy. DESIGN: Dietary intake and the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids were determined in 24 South Asian vegetarian and 24 white omnivore non-pregnant premenopausal women randomly selected from the general population of North London. Umbilical cords and cord blood were collected at delivery from 48 South Asian vegetarian women and 98 white omnivores from the same catchment area along with details of antenatal history and the outcome of pregnancy. The fatty acid composition of the cord arteries and that of cord plasma phospholipids were analysed in a subset of 32 pairs of subjects, who were matched for maternal age, gestational age, parity and sex of infant. RESULTS: Intakes of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) expressed as proportion of the dietary energy and the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were higher in the vegetarian women, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) were absent from their diets. The proportion of linoleic acid, as well as the absolute concentration, was greater and those of EPA and DHA were lower in plasma phospholipids, plasma free fatty acid and total plasma lipids of the vegetarians compared with the white subjects. The proportion of DHA was lower (P > 0.001) but that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) was greater (P < 0.001) in cord those from the omnivores. The ratio of 20:3n-9/20:4n-6 was elevated in cord artery but not in cord plasma phospholipids in both groups. Early onset of labour and the duration of gestation was 5.6 days shorter. Birth weight, head circumference and length were lower in the infants born to South Asian vegetarians even after adjusting for maternal height, duration of gestation, parity, gender of infants and smoking habits. Multivariate analysis did not reveal any relationship between the proportions of DHA in plasma or cord artery phospholipids and the birthweight or head circumference of the infants. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that vegetarians give birth to infants with less DHA in their plasma and cord artery phospholipids but this did not appear to be independently related to the outcome of pregnancy.

Diet, Vegetarian↗
PubMed1994

Spinal neurolysis for cancer pain: indications and recent results.

Effective control of cancer pain can now be achieved in a high proportion of patients with rigorously applied pharmacologic treatment, reducing the need for more demanding invasive procedures. Ten to thirty percent of patients will, however, require some form of more aggressive management, ranging from the parenteral and spinal administration of opioids to neurodestructive procedures. Intrathecal neurolysis is a time-tested procedure that, although used less frequently than in the past, still has important indications. Guidelines for patient selection and results of a recent clinical series are presented here.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1993

Evidence for enhanced expression of c-fos, c-jun, and the Ca(2+)-activated neutral protease in rat liver following carbon tetrachloride administration.

The effects of CCl4 on hepatic c-fos and c-jun gene expression were examined, and the correspondence between intermediate-early gene expression and the expression of the Ca(2+)-activated neutral proteinase (mu and mCANP) characterized. Administration of CCl4 to rats resulted in a pronounced dose- and time-dependent increase in c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels (approximately 8 to 17-fold) as detected by either Northern blot or RT-PCR analyses. The expression of mu and mCANP following CCl4 treatment was monitored by Northern blot analysis and mu and mCANP mRNA levels were found to be elevated approximately 5- to 15-fold over the time period of 18 to 24 h. Experiments were performed to determine whether the Fos-Jun heterodimeric AP-1 transcription factor complex bound the AP-1-like binding motif present in the mCANP gene. Gel retardation assays using hepatic nuclear extracts from CCl4-treated animals revealed binding of a protein to the AP-1-like motif present in the mCANP gene and competition and supershift assays confirmed the specificity of AP-1 transcription factor binding. These results show that CANP gene expression is enhanced in response to oxidative cellular damage and that the AP-1 complex may be involved in the regulation of CANP gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Salvage whole abdomen radiation therapy: its role in ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: In spite of high initial response rates, many patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma eventually fail their primary treatment. Further treatment with second-line regimens has been ineffective in producing durable responses. Thus, whole abdomen radiation therapy was evaluated as a salvage therapeutic modality as to its feasibility, efficacy, and toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between June 1983 and June 1990, 44 patients who failed one or more chemotherapeutic regimens were treated with whole abdomen radiation therapy. Forty patients had epithelial carcinoma of the ovary and the remaining had primary adenocarcinoma of the peritoneal cavity. Radiation was delivered with an open-field technique and 2500 cGy were planned to the whole abdomen, with a boost when indicated. Prior to radiation, the amount of residual disease after debulking was noted to be microscopic in one-half of the patients and macroscopic in the other half. Pelvis alone was the site of residual disease in 14 patients, and upper abdominal involvement was found in 30. RESULTS: Five patients (11%) were unable to complete the planned therapy secondary to acute toxicity. The 4-year actuarial survival and recurrence-free survival rates for the entire group were 23% and 22%, respectively. The survival and recurrence-free survival rates for the group with microscopic residual disease at 37% and 42% were significantly better than those for the patients with macroscopic residual disease at 9% and 5% (p < 0.005; p < 0.001) at 4 years, respectively. Patients with disease limited to pelvis only had a recurrence-free survival of 56% compared to 0% when the upper abdomen was involved (p < 0.005). The abdomino-pelvic cavity was the first site of recurrence in 28 of 31 patients in whom the site of recurrence could be determined. Eight patients (18%) experienced bowel complications, of whom five needed surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Whole abdomen radiation therapy with a pelvic boost is feasible with acceptable acute and late toxicity. It is effective in patients with minimal residual disease.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1993

Static and dynamic vascular impact of large artery irradiation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate functional post-radiotherapy arterial change in a select patient population. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-five seminoma patients were identified in the Radiation Oncology departmental records at Indiana University Medical Center. In this group the ipsilateral pelvis is treated with the contralateral pelvis available for evaluation as a matched control. Additionally, this group is generally young and unlikely to have pre-existing vascular disease, and shows excellent radiocurability with historically standard radiotherapy. Nineteen patients volunteered for a noninvasive vascular evaluation which included: Doppler ultrasound, segmental leg pressures, pulse volume recordings, and post-exercise testing. Average age at treatment was 36 (range 14-68) with an average follow-up of 8.8 years (range 1-20) with five patients now over 15 years post-treatment. The majority of the patients received 2500-2600 cGy. RESULTS: Three of 19 patients had abnormal vascular evaluations. Of these, two had bilateral abnormalities not felt to be solely associated with irradiation. The remaining patient showed both resting and post-exercise ipsilateral vascular abnormalities. Irradiation was the only identifiable etiologic agent for this patient's vascular abnormality. CONCLUSION: Subclinical vascular change attributable to low dose radiotherapy was identified in one of 19 patients (5%). Considering the radiocurability of seminoma patients this incidence is acceptable. In light of this slight, yet documented, arterial abnormality occurring with low dose radiotherapy, we recommend additional study of high dose radiotherapy patients to determine the incidence and morbidity of radiation-induced arteriopathy in this group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Relation of symptoms to impaired stomach, small bowel, and colon motility in long-standing diabetes.

Stomach, intestinal, and colonic transit were measured in males with insulin-requiring diabetes of greater than 10 years' duration to compare with symptoms and to estimate the medical significance. For all diabetics only the symptom constipation correlated with the appropriate regional delayed transit. Diabetics with delayed transit in any region, however, had more overall gastrointestinal symptoms. Diabetics with delayed transit had disease of significantly longer duration than those without delay. Delayed transit was common in the diabetics selected for study with 21 of 54 stomachs, 10 of 20 small intestines, and 14 of 20 colons showing impairment. Of 35 diabetics with impaired transit at one or more locations, only seven were judged of medical importance and five of these responded to treatment. In this study, delayed transit was frequent; in the one fifth requiring management, the symptoms related closely to the region impaired.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of pancreatic macrophages preceding and during early insulitis in young NOD mice.

Indirect evidence suggests there may be early influx of beta-cell-directed macrophages into the islets of NOD mice, and before the onset of T-cell insulitis. We have therefore examined immunohistochemically the pancreas of young female NOD mice with monoclonal antibody F4/80 for the presence of macrophages in intraislet, peri-islet, exocrine, and perivascular regions preceding insulitis (days 18 and 22) and during early insulitis (days 30 and 40) and compared their distribution in age-matched normal Swiss mouse pancreas. In the absence of insulitis (day 18 and day 22) and during very early insulitis (day 30) macrophage-positive cells had a predominantly exocrine and perivascular distribution with reduced numbers in the peri-islet area. Intraislet macrophages usually occurred singly and were sparse. At day 40, an enhanced influx of the immune cells was observed in intra- and peri-islet locations and in parallel with increased numbers in the exocrine areas. At this age, higher numbers of macrophages were observed within the islet, distributed among the T-cell infiltrate and also scattered among the endocrine cells. During the study period, the number of macrophages in the peri-, intraislet, and exocrine regions was significantly higher among NOD mice than in the Swiss mouse group (p = 0.003, p = 0.005, and p = 0.0009, respectively). In the absence of insulitis (days 18 and 22), although the number of positive cells tended to be higher in NOD mice, this difference reached statistical significance in the peri-islet area (p = 0.004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗