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Biomedical subjects

S Rastogi

Publications and source records attributed to S Rastogi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Differential regulation of human YY1 and caspase 7 promoters by prohibitin through E2F1 and p53 binding sites.

Prohibitin is a 30 kDa growth suppressive protein that has pleiotropic functions in the cell. Although prohibitin has been demonstrated to have potent transcriptional regulatory functions, it has also been proposed to facilitate protein folding in the mitochondria and promote cell migration in association with Raf-1. Our previous studies have shown that prohibitin physically interacts with the marked-box domain of E2F family members and represses their transcriptional activity; in contrast, prohibitin could bind to and enhance the transcriptional activity of p53. Here, we show that promoters of human YY1 (Yin and Yang 1) as well as caspase 7 genes are modulated by prohibitin. YY1 promoter activity was reduced upon overexpression of prohibitin, while it was enhanced when prohibitin was depleted by small interfering RNA techniques. The repressive effects of prohibitin on the YY1 promoter were mediated through E2F binding sites, as seen by mutational analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Further, depletion of E2F1 prevented prohibitin from repressing the YY1 promoter. In contrast with YY1, prohibitin overexpression led to enhanced levels of caspase 7, whereas depletion of prohibitin reduced it. Interestingly, the caspase 7 promoter was found to have p53-binding sites and prohibitin activated this promoter through p53. These studies show that prohibitin can have diverse effects on the expression of different genes and the activity of various cellular promoters is affected by prohibitin. Further, it appears very likely that prohibitin carries out many of its cellular functions by affecting the transcription of different genes.

Caspase 7↗
PubMed2006

The effects of chronic phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use on different organ systems.

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors selectively inhibit PDE-5 enzymes that are present in various tissues like penile tissue, platelets, vascular, and smooth muscle tissue. The drug's actions on these tissues have lead to the successful therapeutic use in patients suffering from conditions such as erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary hypertension. PDE-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) act on the erectile tissue causing penile smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilatation leading to penile erection. In addition, in particular when used in conjunction with prostaglandin inhibitors, PDE-5i cause vasodilatation in pulmonary vasculature hence decreasing both the pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance. PDE-5i have also shown to mildly decrease blood pressure, increase cardiac index, and increase coronary blood flow in experimental animals as well as in human studies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three PDE-5i for the treatment of ED: sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis) and one for pulmonary hypertension: sildenafil (Revatio). These agents are highly selective for PDE-5 enzymes as compared to other subclasses of PDE enzymes and have the almost identical pharmacological action but slightly different pharmacokinetics. Only little data exist about long-term use of PDE-5i and their effects on different organ system. This paper reviews the current information available on chronic PDE-5 inhibitor use.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2006

Melting kinetics in polymers.

In polymers, it is possible to obtain single chain forming single crystals. It is feasible to melt these crystals by simple consecutive detachment of chain segments from the crystalline substrate and its diffusion into the melt. However, complication in the melting process occurs when the chain in the process of detachment from the surface is shared between different crystals. Experimentally, a clear distinction in different melting processes is observed, by the differences in the activation energies required for the consecutive detachment of chain segments or of segments having topological constraints. The consecutive detachment of free chain segments starts at the melting temperature predicted from the Gibbs-Thomson equation, whereas higher temperature or time is required if the chain has to overcome the constraints.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2006

Molecular blending by polymerization of intercalated solvent. Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate)/benzyl methacrylate as a model system.

The aim of the present research is to obtain blending between a polymer and a (polymerized) solvent on the molecular level. Because of its rigid rod structure, poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) is chosen as the polymer. Benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) has been chosen as the solvent for two reasons. First, the structure of the solvent is very similar to the structure of the side chain of PBLG, favoring interactions between the two materials. Second, the solvent can be polymerized, because of the presence of a C=C bond. In cast films of PBLG and BzMA separate zones of the polymer and solvent are present. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and Raman results show that upon heating the cast films homogenization occurs and solvent molecules intercalate between the helices of PBLG. At 150 degrees C a hexagonal packing is obtained. The dimensions of the obtained packing depend on the solvent concentration, which confirms that solvent molecules are indeed present within the crystalline lattice. DSC experiments imply that the observed changes upon heating correspond to thermodynamic processes. On cooling the homogeneous samples, disordering of the hexagonal packing occurs. Polymerization of the homogeneous samples results in a disordering of the hexagonal packing and in a contraction of the unit cell. The latter once more confirms that solvent molecules are indeed present within the crystalline lattice. The applied principle of polymerization of a solvent in a molecular homogeneous system can be favorable for many applications, for which morphology control at the molecular level is required.

Biopolymers↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts with percutaneous sclerotherapy using polidocanol. A review of 72 cases with long-term follow-up.

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare tumour-like lesion which develops during growth. Our aim was to determine the efficacy of the administration of percutaneous intralesional 3% polidocanol (hydroxypolyaethoxydodecan) as sclerotherapy. Between July 1997 and December 2004 we treated 72 patients (46 males, 26 females) with a histologically-proven diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst, at various skeletal sites using this method. The sclerotherapy was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and general anaesthesia or sedation and local anaesthesia. The mean follow-up period was 34 months (26.5 to 80). The patients were evaluated using the Enneking system for functional assessment and all the lesions were radiologically quantified into four grades. The mean age of patients was 15.6 years (3 to 38) and the mean number of injections was three (1 to 5). Ten patients were cured by a single injection. The mean reduction in size of the lesion (radiological healing) was found to be 76.6% (61.9% to 93.2%) with a mean clinical response of 84.5% (73.4% to 100%). Recurrence was seen in two patients (2.8%) within two years of treatment and both were treated successfully by further sclerotherapy. Percutaneous sclerotherapy with polidocanol is a safe alternative to conventional surgery for the treatment of an aneurysmal bone cyst. It can be used at surgically-inaccessible sites and treatment can be performed on an out-patient basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Tuberculosis of patella.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis is rare and affects the knee in about 8% of cases and the patella in less than 0.1%. This study reports a series of five patients who were immunologically competent but living in an endemic area for tuberculosis. Treatment with antituberculous therapy and early mobilization of the knee joint led to a successful outcome in all cases without patellectomy or arthrodesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Why do patients with heart failure suffer from erectile dysfunction? A critical review and suggestions on how to approach this problem.

Chronic heart failure (HF) is an increasingly common cardiovascular disorder. The goal of health-care providers is to optimize quality of life in this population, including sexual health. Up to 75% of patients with HF report erectile dysfunction (ED). As HF is a condition with distinct physiologic sequelae, some unique organic and psychological factors contributing to ED in this patient population have been identified, along with risk factors common to the development of coronary artery disease, HF and ED. This review describes contributing factors to ED in the setting of HF and highlights treatment considerations for this distinct patient population.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2005

A multidisciplinary approach to assess erectile dysfunction in high-risk cardiovascular patients.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is increasingly considered as one manifestation of systemic vascular disease. Accordingly, ED and coronary artery disease share mutual risk factors and frequently coexist. Sexual health is an important aspect of our patients' lives, and ED is a common concern of the cardiovascular patient. Despite this, sexual function is under-addressed in the cardiac patient. Even when this topic is broached by the primary care physician or urologist, ED frequently remains untreated due to safety concerns involving cardiac disease and other comorbidities. This article describes our experience with this unique patient population, as well as our approach to building a multidisciplinary clinic designed to specifically address the important issue of ED in the cardiac patient.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Anaesthetic considerations in a patient with right heart thrombi-in-transit.

This is a case report of a patient with underlying pulmonary thromboembolism who was diagnosed as having a large, mobile right heart thrombi while undergoing treatment with low-molecular weight heparin. She underwent emergency embolectomy with exploration of the right heart under a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Soon after induction of anaesthesia, the patient had an episode of severe hypotension, which responded to inotropes. Large, serpiginous thrombi were found in the right atrium extending into the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, which were evacuated. She was weaned off CPB on inotropic support and was extubated uneventfully on the 4th POD. Postoperatively, she was started on anticoagulant therapy and also underwent placement of a Greenfield inferior vena caval (IVC) filter to prevent further thromboembolic episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Antiulcer activity of Utleria salicifolia rhizome extract.

The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Utleria salicifolia (USE) was assessed in different acute and chronic gastric ulcer models in rats. USE, 50-200 mg/kg administered orally, twice daily for 5 days showed dose-dependent ulcer protective effect in pylorus ligation (14.48-51.03% protection, P < 0.5 to P < 0.01), aspirin (28.80-56.52% protection, P < 0.5 to P < 0.001), ethanol (13.22-60.74% protection, P < 0.5 to P < 0.001), cold-restraint stress (21.22-77.14% protection, P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), and acetic acid (20.0-84.37% protection, P < 0.5 to P < 0.001)-induced acute and chronic ulcers. USE also significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the ulcer incidence (50 and 10%) and severity (67.83 and 91.34% protection) of duodenal ulcer, induced by cysteamine. Besides USE offered protection (53.52 and 60.58%) against ethanol-induced depletion of gastric wall mucus. However, USE reduced the ulcer index with significant decrease in plasma corticosterone (25.53 and 39.52% protection, P < 0.1 and P < 0.05), lipid peroxidation (18.75 and 47.92% protection, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (15.80 and 26.61% protection, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) and increased in catalase (28.42 and 71.0% protection, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) activity, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the USE gave the positive test for steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and tannins. The HPTLC studies in the toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid and the densitometric scanning at 254 nm gave three major spots with area corresponding to 28.16, 17.17, and 13.79% at 0.69, 0.78, and 0.88 R(f) values, respectively. The results indicate that USE possesses antiulcer activity.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Cytokine expression pattern in the genital tract of Chlamydia trachomatis positive infertile women - implication for T-cell responses.

Human genital infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is thought to be immunologically mediated, resulting in local recruitment of lymphocyte subsets and inducing the production of cytokines. Little information is available about the role of lymphocyte recruitment and the regulation of cytokine production in the genital tract of C. trachomatis positive infertile women. We have evaluated the recruitment of lymphocyte subsets in the genital tract and production of Th1/Th2 cytokines in cervical secretions and laparoscopic specimens from the fallopian tubes of C. trachomatis positive infertile women (n = 17) and compared them with controls, viz. C. trachomatis negative infertile women (n = 20) using ELISA and flow cytometry. None of these patients were found to be infected either with Candida sps., bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum in the cervix. Flow cytometric analysis of cervical secretions in Chlamydia positive women revealed recruitment of both CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes to the genital tract was up-regulated and a variation in the production rates of different cytokines in cervical secretions and fallopian tube was observed. We found that the immune responses in cervical secretions were of Th0 type, since all the analysed cytokines, viz. IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-12 were up-regulated. As, both CD4 and CD8 cells contribute to the production of IFN-gamma and IL-10, these results suggest that along with CD4 cells, CD8 lymphocytes also may be important for local regulation of Th1/Th2 responses in the genital tract during C. trachomatis infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: To screen and treat chlamydial infection in pregnant women in order to assess the effects of therapeutic intervention on the outcome of Chlamydia trachomatis-infected pregnancy. METHODS: Enrolled in the study were 350 women in the first to third trimesters of pregnancy. Endocervical swabs were collected for C. trachomatis diagnosis by DFA and PCR. A few STD infections, viz.: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Candida spp., bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Treponema pallidum were ruled out. After excluding 22 patients infected with other sexually transmitted infections, a cohort of 328 pregnant women comprised the study population. Anti-chlamydial treatment (viz.: oral therapy with erythromycin stearate, 500 mg 4 times daily for 7 days) was given to 17 women (group I) and their partners. Fifteen patients of group I were retested by DFA and PCR assay for C. trachomatis infection 2 weeks following therapy. Other Chlamydia-positive patients (n=42) who were lost to follow-up were classified as untreated positive cases (group II) while group III included C. trachomatis negative cases (n=269). Data on obstetric outcome were recorded in a total of 164 cases. Statistical comparison of the data were done using the chi(2)-test and means were compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Among the 350 pregnant women enrolled initially for the study, C. trachomatis positivity was found to be 18.8% (n=66) in the endocervix by DFA and PCR assay. Co-infection with Candida spp., bacterial vaginosis, T. vaginalis and T. pallidum was 2.0%, 1.7%, 1.7% and 0.5%, respectively. None of the pregnant women was infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Pregnant women at an increased risk of chlamydial infection included those who had multiple births and were in second trimester of pregnancy. Fifteen patients of group I became Chlamydia-negative following treatment. Data on obstetric outcome were recorded in 11, 26 and 127 patients of groups I, II and III, respectively. The mean duration of gestation for premature deliveries was found to be significantly higher in group I in comparison with group II [35.5 vs. 33.1 weeks (P<0.05)], thereby showing an improved effect of treatment on pregnancy outcome. The mean of low birth weight births was higher in group I compared with group II (2200.0 vs. 2113.3 g), however, this was statistically non-significant. Stillbirths were significantly higher among group II in comparison with group III [11.5% vs. 4.7% (chi(2)=1.79; P<0.5)]. No stillbirths were recorded in patients who had taken anti-chlamydial treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that routine screening and treatment of C. trachomatis infection in pregnant women, especially those in high risk groups, should be mandatory to reduce the adverse effects on obstetric outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Deodorants: an experimental provocation study with hydroxycitronellal.

Axillary dermatitis is a common problem, particularly in individuals with contact allergy to fragrances. Many individuals suspect their deodorant to be the causal product of their fragrance allergy. It has been shown that deodorants containing cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamal) can elicit axillary dermatitis in patients sensitized to this substance. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the importance of hydroxycitronellal used in deodorants for the development of axillary dermatitis, when applied by individuals with and without contact allergy to this fragrance chemical. Patch tests with deodorants and ethanolic solutions containing hydroxycitronellal, as well as repeated open application tests (ROAT) with roll-on deodorants with and without hydroxycitronellal at different concentrations, were performed in 14 dermatitis patients, 7 with and 7 without contact allergy to hydroxycitronellal. A positive ROAT was noted only in the patients hypersensitive to hydroxycitronellal (P < 0.001) and only in the axilla to which the deodorants containing hydroxycitronellal had been applied (P < 0.001). Deodorants containing hydroxycitronellal in the concentration range of 0.032-0.32% used twice daily on healthy skin in individuals hypersensitive to hydroxycitronellal can elicit axillary dermatitis in a few weeks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Increased variance in blood pressure distribution and changing hypertension prevalence in an urban Indian population.

The objective of the study was to determine trends in age-specific blood pressure (BP) distribution and hypertension prevalence in an urban Indian population. In successive hypertension epidemiological studies (1995 and 2002), randomly selected 2212 subjects (1412 men, 797 women) in the first and 1123 subjects (550 men, 573 women) in the second study were evaluated. BP was measured using World Health Organization guidelines and hypertension diagnosed using the American Joint National Committee-VI report. Age-specific BP levels in the first and the second study were determined and compared. The mean values of systolic and diastolic BP were not significantly different in various age groups in the first and the second studies. There was an increased variance in the second study as denoted by the significant increase in standard deviations and coefficients of variation in systolic as well as diastolic BP levels at age groups > or =50 years in men and > or =40 years in women (P<0.05). The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (known or BP > or =140/> or =90 mmHg) in the first study was 29.5% (men) and 33.5% (women), and in the second study was 30.0% (men) and 30.3% (women) (P=NS). In the second as compared to the first study, there was decrease in age-adjusted prevalence of stage I hypertension (men 16.8 vs 24.9%, women 15.4 vs 27.5%), and increase in stage II hypertension (men 11.7 vs 2.8%, women 18.8 vs 3.1%), and combined stage II and III hypertension (men 13.5 vs 4.7%, women 16.7 vs 6.0%) (P<0.01). This change was associated with greater prevalence of obesity in the second study. In conclusion, increased systolic and diastolic BP dispersion over a 7-year period in this urban population is associated with unchanged hypertension prevalence, decline in stage I hypertension and upsurge in more severe grades. Increasing environmental factors, particularly obesity, appear important.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Deodorants: an experimental provocation study with cinnamic aldehyde.

BACKGROUND: Axillary dermatitis is common and overrepresented in individuals with contact allergy to fragrances. Many individuals suspect their deodorants to be the incriminating products. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the significance of cinnamic aldehyde in deodorants for the development of axillary dermatitis when used by individuals with and without contact allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. METHODS: Patch tests with deodorants and ethanol solutions with cinnamic aldehyde, and repeated open application tests with roll-on deodorants without and with cinnamic aldehyde at different concentrations, were performed in 37 patients with dermatitis, 20 without and 17 with contact allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. RESULTS: A repeated open application test with positive findings was noted only in patients hypersensitive to cinnamic aldehyde (P <.001) and only in the axilla to which the deodorants containing cinnamic aldehyde had been applied (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Deodorants containing cinnamic aldehyde in the concentration range 0.01% to 0.32%, used twice daily on healthy skin, can elicit axillary dermatitis within a few weeks.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative determination of aflatoxin B1-oxime by column liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Liquid chromatography was used for the quantification of aflatoxin B1-oxime (AFB1-oxime). The yield of AFB1-oxime in the reaction mixture was 89%, while after purification on silica gel it was 72%. LC analysis of the reaction mixture after silica gel fractionation revealed a retention time of 0.84 min for AFB1-oxime, 8.42 min for AFB1, 1.21 min for unknown 1 and 1.61 min for unknown 2. UV-visible analysis of the reaction mixture after silica gel fractionation showed a lambda(max) of 269 and 361 nm for AFB1-oxime, 263 and 360 nm for AFB1, 273 nm for unknown 1 and 275 nm for unknown 2. Excitation and emission wavelengths were found to be 269 and 368/438 nm for AFB1-oxime, 359/424 nm for AFB1, 270 and 367/450 nm for unknown 1 and 273 and 416/447 nm for unknown 2. The method may find versatile application in monitoring reactions for the preparation of oximes of various analytes for the synthesis of their immunogens.

Aflatoxin B1↗