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S R Schroeder

Publications and source records attributed to S R Schroeder.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The future of children is now.

A community resource network, Annie Sullivan Enterprises, Inc., is described as a system for community integration of children and youth who have developmental disabilities and mental health problems. A brokerage model is espoused for accessing and delivering services. The model is based on Hobb's (1975) view that organization of human services must be based primarily on the client's needs rather than on the needs of the service agency. Lessons and recommendations based upon 7 years of successful operation are described.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacotherapy for self-injurious behavior: preliminary tests of the D1 hypothesis.

1. The D1 dopamine hypersensitivity model of self-injurious behavior leads to a testable clinical hypothesis: that the mixed D1/D2 dopamine antagonist fluphenazine may improve the symptoms of self-injurious patients. 2. The hypothesis was tested in an open pilot trial in six patients and a partially controlled trial in nine patients. 3. Some degree of clinical improvement was observed in eleven of the fifteen. 4. The trials represent a partial affirmation of the D1 hypothesis. However, it is also clear that conventional methodology for psychopharmacologic research is inappropriate for the proper clinical evaluation of self-injurious patients. The proper method should include the following elements: i) An epidemiologically representative sample ii) A naturalistic study environment iii) A longitudinal design with long-term follow-up iv) Concurrent behavioral ratings using direct observations and a reliable, treatment-sensitive rating scale. 5. Before subjects enter a clinical trial of an experimental medication, a neuropsychiatric differential diagnosis should be applied to limit the diversity of the sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of serum zinc supplementation on pica behavior of persons with mental retardation.

Although pica is one of the most frequently observed eating dysfunctions among people with mental retardation, it is significantly underreported in the literature. Of 806 institutionalized adults with mental retardation in the present study, 15.5% exhibited pica. Prevalence estimates from previous studies have ranged from 25.8% to 3%. Fifty-four percent of the pica group had serum zinc levels below normal range, whereas 7% of the control group had serum zinc levels below the normal range. After supplementation with chelated zinc, residents had significant reductions in pica. Data indicated zinc as a possible adjunct to other treatment approaches.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacotherapy for self-injurious behavior: preliminary tests of the D1 hypothesis.

The D1 dopamine hypersensitivity model of self-injurious behavior leads to a testable clinical hypothesis: the mixed D1/D2 dopamine antagonist fluphenazine may improve the symptoms of self-injurious patients. The hypothesis was tested in an open pilot trial in six patients and a partially controlled trial in nine patients. Some degree of clinical improvement was observed in 11 of the 15 patients. The trials represent a partial affirmation of the D1 hypothesis. However, it is also clear that conventional methodology for psychopharmacologic research is inappropriate for the proper clinical evaluation of self-injurious patients. The proper method should include the following elements: 1. An epidemiologically representative sample. 2. A naturalistic study environment. 3. A longitudinal design with long-term follow up. 4. Concurrent behavioral ratings using direct observations and a reliable, treatment-sensitive rating scale. Before subjects enter a clinical trial of an experimental medication, a neuropsychiatric differential diagnosis should be applied to limit the diversity of the sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Comment on Starin and Fuqua's (1987) review of research on rumination and vomiting.

Starin and Fuqua seriously misread a critical study cited in their recent review in failing to characterize it as an experimental analysis of four treatment procedures, and therefore inappropriately criticized it for several shortcomings. This misreading and a tendency to equate vomiting with and without rumination compromise their conclusions regarding treatment choice. At the present time, the data base favors selection of several aversive procedures and the nonaversive satiation procedure over others, but the number of studies on nonaversive operant treatment procedures remains remarkably limited.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1987

Methylphenidate affects strategic choice behavior in normal adult humans.

The time course of serum concentration and performance on a concurrent probability matching task were evaluated in normal adults receiving 0.15 or 0.3 mg/kg of methylphenidate. The behavioral task, an arcade-like problem-solving game, revealed that drug-treated subjects improved their performance upon repeated testings during pharmacokinetic evaluation at a lower rate than did non-treated controls over the same time span. However, drug-treated subjects failed to adopt the adaptive problem-solving strategies selected by controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Tardive dyskinesia in young mentally retarded individuals.

The results of a systematic neuroleptic withdrawal study in 38 mentally retarded children, adolescents, and young adults are described. The focus of the study was the occurrence of side effects of chronic neuroleptic treatment: tardive dyskinesia, transient withdrawal dyskinesia, nondyskinetic withdrawal symptoms, and a possible behavioral analogue of withdrawal dyskinesia. Transient side effects were noted in 34% of the subjects, and tardive dyskinesia in an equal proportion. The data suggest that cumulative neuroleptic dose may play a role as a risk factor in the development of severe tardive dyskinesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Methylphenidate and exercise: additive effects on motor performance, variable effects on the neuroendocrine response.

It has been suggested that the effects of intensive environmental stressors and of psychostimulant drugs may be interchangeable. A specific test of this hypothesis was undertaken in a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study of the stimulant drug, methylphenidate (MPH), and of intense exercise, alone and in combination. On measures of motor performance the effects of MPH and of exercise were additive while on measures of neuroendocrine response the individual and interactive effects were variable. The effects of MPH and of intense exercise are probably mediated by mechanisms that overlap to a degree but are by no means identical.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Relation of lead and social factors to IQ of low-SES children: a partial replication.

An independent replication of a previous study (Schroeder et al., 1985) of the effects of interactive social environmental factors on the relationship of lead and Stanford-Binet IQ was performed on 75 of 80 low-SES black children screened by county health departments in North Carolina. Children's mean blood lead (PbB) level was 20.8 micrograms/dl (range, 6.3 to 47.4). Multivariate regression analyses showed no significant interactions between PbB and age, sex, maternal IQ, Caldwell home environment score, or SES (Hollingshead Two-Factor Index). There was a highly significant negative relationship between both mean and maximum PbB levels with IQ, p less than .002; that is, IQ decreased linearly as PbB increased. The most accurate and precise regression model included lead, maternal IQ, home environment, and gender.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Separating the effects of lead and social factors on IQ.

Initial evaluations of 104 low-socioeconomic status black children screened by the local community health departments in North Carolina showed significant effects of lead in the range 6-59 micrograms/dl on IQ after controlling for concomitant social factors, such as socioeconomic status, home environment, and maternal IQ. The main concomitant variable was socioeconomic status, which was multicolinear with other social factors. Five years later, when all blood lead levels were 30 micrograms/dl or less, lead effects on IQ were no longer significant. The correlation between maternal and child IQ, which had been suppressed initially in children with higher lead levels, returned to expected levels when decreases in blood lead level occurred, while concomitant variables remained stable over the 5-year period.

Child↗
PubMed1984

The persistence of stimulant effects in chronically treated children: further evidence of an inverse relationship between drug effects and placebo levels of response.

Seventeen hyperactive children who had been treated for 1-5 years with methylphenidate were studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Specific measures of stimulant response were found to be inversely related to the subject's level of response in the placebo condition. This inverse relationship was previously found to characterize the clinical effects of hyperactive children in an acute-treatment paradigm. It is equally valid in a chronic-treatment study. "State-contingency" is not, therefore, simply a function of the "novelty" of initial drug treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Clinical correlates of methylphenidate blood levels.

The clinical correlates of methylphenidate blood levels in hyper-active children and normal adults were examined in five studies. Although occasional correlations between blood levels and neuroendocrine response were noted within subjects along the pharmacokinetic time profile of the drug, no significant associations were found between blood levels and clinical response in behavioral measures or laboratory tests of attention or activity. It is unlikely that routine methylphenidate blood level determinations will become a part of the routine clinical management of hyperactive children.

Adult↗