Synthesis of phytanic acid.
Preparation of methyl phytanate from phytol by catalytic hydrogenation and chromic oxide oxidation is described. The method was applied to the preparation of methyl phytanate-(14)C.
Carbon Isotopes↗
Biomedical subjects
S Patton
Publications and source records attributed to S Patton.
Membrane distribution in human milks throughout lactation as revealed by phospholipid and cholesterol analyses.
Membrane distribution in human milk was investigated. Milk samples from six women taken at intervals throughout 9 months of lactation were fractionated into fat globules, skim milk, fluff, and cells. These fractions and the intact milks were analyzed for protein, total lipid, and membrane material as revealed by phospholipid and cholesterol contents. All fractions showed initial levels of membrane that dropped by 1 month and then remained relatively unchanged thereafter. Total lipid (fat globules) in the milks was the primary factor determining membrane content. Distribution of membrane in mature milks was: fat globules, 80%; skim milk, 20% (including fluff, 5%); and cells, less than 1%. Mature milk assures the infants a relatively steady supply of membrane material. However, there appears to be approximately twice as high a concentration of it in milk during the first several weeks of lactation. At that time, the skim milk phase accounts for approximately 30% of milk membrane as compared to 20% during subsequent lactation.
Cell Membrane↗
Membrane distribution and carotenoid content in human colostrum.
Daily colostrum samples from 5 donors were fractionated into fat globules, non-lipid phase (skim milk), and cells. These and portions of the intact samples were assayed for protein, phospholipid and cholesterol, the latter two serving as criteria of membrane. The intact samples were also analyzed for total lipid and carotenoids, and skim milk phases for protein patterns by gel electrophoresis. Membrane material was highest in the first two daily samples with substantial amounts in both fat globule and skim milk phases; quantities declined over the 5-day sampling period, particularly in the skim milk. Membrane in the cell fraction was less than 1% of total. In first colostrum there was more than twice as much membrane material as in mature milk (greater than 1 month of lactation), and seven times as much in the skim milk phase. The protein pattern and carotenoid content of colostrum changed markedly during the sampling period. The elevated carotenoids in colostrum are attributed to mobilization of lipids stored in the breast. Based on pigmentation and density, colostrum contains two kinds of fat globules.
Carotenoids↗
Closed one-stage functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy in horses with use of linear stapling equipment.
OBJECTIVE: To use gastrointestinal linear stapling instrumentation to perform a closed one-stage functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy in adult horses as an alternative to a stapled side-to-side jejunojejunostomy. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical outcome, anatomic and histological architecture, and anastomotic dimensions were determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks postoperatively. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: 18 adult horses. METHODS: The anastomosis and peritoneal cavity were inspected for adhesions. The diameter and circumference of the anastomosis and jejunum oral and aboral to the anastomosis were determined from digitized contrast radiographs and linear measurements. Healing of anastomotic sites was evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Three horses were euthantized in the immediate postoperative period. In the 15 surviving horses, there were no peritoneal adhesions or distortion of the anastomoses and stomas remodeled in an end-to-end fashion. The mean anastomotic staple line (7.48 cm) and mucosa (6.89 cm) diameters were significantly (P < .05) larger than the mean jejunal diameter oral (6.03 cm) and aboral (6.01 cm) to the anastomosis. The mean anastomotic luminal circumference (13.61 cm) was significantly (P < .01) larger than the mean oral (11.43 cm) and aboral (11.12 cm) jejunal circumference. Histologically, there was adequate mucosal and muscularis mucosae reapposition with a moderate degree of fibrosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Closed one-stage functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy resulted in an acceptable functional anastomosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique appears to be an acceptable alternative to linearly stapled, side-to-side jejunojejunostomies performed in horses.
Anastomosis, Surgical↗
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in hogs in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS).
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Animals↗
Serologic survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-ranging wild hogs (Sus scrofa) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and from sites in South Carolina.
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Animals↗
Concurrent infection with Toxoplasma gondii and feline leukemia virus. Antibody response and oocyst production.
Four adult cats (two testing positive and two negative for feline leukemia virus FeLV) were fed Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts collected from the brains of mice. Two control cats (1 FeLV+, 1 FeLV-) were not fed cysts. The cats infected with T. gondii shed thousands of oocysts but remained clinically and physically normal, with hemograms and clinical chemistry values essentially unchanged irrespective of their FeLV status. Infection with FeLV did not increase the duration of oocyst shedding. At necropsy no significant lesions were found. T. gondii antibodies were detected by three serologic tests in the cats fed tissue cysts. The time necessary for an antibody response to T. gondii was not altered by the FeLV infection. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) was the least reliable of the serologic tests studied; it detected antibodies later in the infection, and titers were less than in the other tests. Latex agglutination (LA) detected antibodies a few days before IHA, but titers were less than in modified direct agglutination (MAT). MAT detected antibodies earliest in the infection and also measured antibodies in aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid.
Agglutination Tests↗
Autotransfusion systems (ATS).
Due to the large number of patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures and the subsequent increase in demand for blood volume replacement, the use of autotransfusion is increasing in the postoperative setting. In a study conducted by Roche and Stengel it was estimated that the country's blood resources could be depleted by these surgical procedures. The use of autotransfusion offers a viable solution for this problem. Studies suggest that with autotransfusion, bank blood requirements may decrease as much as 50 percent. The ready availability and economic advantages associated with autotransfusion may also ensure continued use of systems of this type. It has been the authors' experience thus far that both systems presented have been safe and effective when used in postoperative management of the cardiac surgical patient.
Blood Transfusion, Autologous↗
Release of membrane from milk fat globules by conjugated bile salts.
We investigated the capacity of conjugated bile salts to remove the membrane, a barrier to lipolysis, from milk fat globules. Cow, goat, and human globules were subjected to varying concentrations of the bile salt taurodeoxycholate at 37 degrees C for 2 min, and the released material was obtained by centrifugation at 2 degrees C and 50,000 g for 1 h. Sedimented pellets were analyzed for phospholipid and protein and were characterized further by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pellets were examined in the electron microscope. Measurable amounts of membrane were sedimented from globules incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 min in 0.5 mM taurodeoxycholate. Taurocholate also exhibited this membrane-releasing ability. However, disintegration of milk fat globule membrane appears to be the principal effect of these salts at 37 degrees C. Our results show that conjugated bile salts within their normal concentration range (2-6 mM) in digesta of term and preterm infants are capable of removing membrane from milk fat globules.
Animals↗