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Biomedical subjects

S Panigrahi

Publications and source records attributed to S Panigrahi.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation for the treatment of cancer and life-threatening nonmalignant disorders: past accomplishments and future goals.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or blood stem cell transplantation represents an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of otherwise incurable malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Until recently. autologous and allogeneic BMT or mobilized blood stem cell transplantation was used primarily to replace a malignant, genetically abnormal, or deficient immunohematopoietic compartment, and therefore highly toxic myeloablative regimens were considered mandatory for eradication of all undesirable host-derived hematopoietic elements. Our preclinical and ongoing clinical studies have indicated that more effective eradication of host immunohematopoietic system cells could be achieved by adoptive allogeneic cell therapy with donor lymphocyte infusion following BMT. Thus eradication of blood cancer cells, especially in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and less frequently in patients with other hematologic malignancies, can frequently be achieved despite complete resistance of such tumor cells to the maximum tolerated doses of chemoradiotherapy. Our cumulative experience suggests that graft vs leukemia (GVL) effects might be a useful tool for eradication of otherwise resistant tumor cells of host origin. Based on the cumulative clinical experience and experimental data in animal models of human diseases, it appears that induction of host vs graft tolerance as the first step may allow durable engraftment of immunocompetent donor lymphocytes, which may be used for induction of effective biologic warfare against host-type immunohematopoietic cells that need to be replaced, whether they are malignant, genetically abnormal, or self-reactive. Based on this rationale, we speculate that the therapeutic benefit of BMT may be increased by using safer conditioning as part of the transplantation procedure, with the goal of inducing host vs graft tolerance to enable subsequent induction of GVL, possibly graft vs tumor, or even graft vs autoimmunity effects, rather than attempting to eliminate host cells with hazardous myeloablative chemoradiotherapy. Our hypothesis suggests that effective BMT procedures might be accomplished without lethal conditioning of the host, using new, well-tolerated nonmyeloablative regimens, possibly minimizing immediate and late side effects related to myeloablative procedures. Recent clinical data suggest that effective BMT procedures may be accomplished with nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) regimens, with no major toxicity. Thus new NST approaches may make BMT procedures safer for a spectrum of clinical indications in children and elderly individuals without lower or upper age limits, while minimizing procedure-related toxicity and mortality. Our cumulative data suggest that high-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be successively replaced by more effective alloreactive donor lymphocytes, thus setting the stage for innovative therapeutic procedures with safer and more effective treatment of patients requiring BMT.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Indolent aspergillus arthritis complicating fludarabine-based non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation.

Fungal arthritis and osteomyelitis are rare and documented mainly in immunocompromised or neutropenic patients. Patients receiving therapeutic immunosuppression for organ transplants have also reported to suffer from aspergillus osteoarthritis. We describe two patients with aspergillus arthritis of the knee joint following fludarabine-based non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation. Both were suffering from acute and chronic GVHD and treated with heavy immunosuppression including steroids and cyclosporine. Interestingly in one of our patients, the arthritis was almost asymptomatic and did not spread to other organs. Heavy pre- and post-transplant immunosuppression is a major risk factor for invasive fungal infection, which can involve remote organs and manifest in an indolent and atypical manner.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The nutritive value of stackburned yellow maize for livestock: tests in vitro and in broiler chicks.

Difference in the nutritive value of four grades of stackburned yellow maize, obtained from a single storage unit in Mozambique, were examined. Samples were analysed for chemical composition, and subjected to the following in vitro assays for estimating digestibility: total dietary fibre and pancreatin for non-ruminants, and gas production using sheep rumen fluid for ruminant livestock. Samples were also fed to broiler chicks at 600 g/kg diet in a growth trial. There were no significant differences in crude protein contents of the maize samples, but there was evidence for the development of Maillard reaction products. Detectable amino acids were lower in discoloured maize, with decreases of 52% in lysine, 35% in arginine, and 15% in glycine concentration in the most severely discoloured sample compared with control. Total starch, reducing sugar, acid-detergent fibre and amylase-neutral-detergent fibre values increased, while total non-reducing sugar content decreased with increased discolouration. Total dietary fibre and pancreatin assays indicated a lowering in digestibility of maize with increasing discolouration. Weight gain of chicks (P = 0.0228), efficiency of feed utilization (P = 0.0009) and the metabolizable energy value of diets decreased (P < 0.0001) with increasing stackburn discolouration. There were no significant effects on N retention of diets. In vitro fermentation using sheep rumen fluid showed a linear decrease in gas production with increasing maize discolouration, indicating a reduction in rumen degradability with stackburn.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1996

Effects of oven-drying tubers of two high-protein sweet potato varieties at different temperatures on their feeding value in broilers.

1. Unpeeled tubers from 2 high-protein varieties of sweet potato (white-fleshed Bosbok, and orange-fleshed Carmel) were chipped and oven-dried at 40, 60, or 80 degrees C, to examine the effects on nutritive value. The dried ground chips were substituted for maize at 500 g/kg and the diets fed to day-old, Ross-1 broiler chicks for 3 weeks. 2. Compared with Carmel, Bosbok had a lower crude protein content (90 V. 138 g/kg DM) and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) (3 v. 5 mg of trypsin inhibited per g flour). Processing did not significantly affect TIA, but the lysine and cystine contents were lowered and the starch content raised as the drying temperature increased. However, whereas this was reflected in increased reducing sugars in Carmel, there was no trend in Bosbok. 3. The results of in vitro pancreatin digestibility and total dietary fibre assays showed variety and processing temperature to be significant factors influencing the nutritive value of sweet potato tubers, with a variety temperature interaction also being indicated. The interaction was also observed for weight gain, dry matter intake, water: food intake ratios, excreta water content, presence of bile in excreta and liver weights. The best growth was obtained with Bosbok dried at 60 degrees C , for which liveweights at 21 d were 11% lower than for the maize controls.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Effects on dietary phosphorus of treating cottonseed meal with crystalline ferrous sulphate for the prevention of brown yolk discolouration.

1. Two experiments were carried out to examine whether the adverse effects on laying hen performance of treating cottonseed meal (CSM) with crystalline ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FSH) to prevent brown yolk discolouration, was a consequence of iron reducing the availability of dietary phosphorus. Two batches of CSM, with different free gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acid contents, were treated with FSH at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol, and incorporated into diets at 300 g/kg with or without supplementation with sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SHP), and fed to hens. 2. FSH treatment of CSM reduced food intake and egg production. Although performance was improved by supplementing the FSH-treated CSM diets with SHP, it was still poorer than that achieved by hens fed a non-CSM control diet. 3. Brown yolk discolouration was prevented by treatment of CSM with FSH. Additional phosphorus did not produce any significant effects on brown colour development in yolks, indicating that the bioavailable gossypol content of the diets had not been altered; however, chemical analyses showed an apparent increase in the free gossypol content of the diets with the inclusion of SHP, suggesting that the assay gives misleading results.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Bioassay of mycotoxins using terrestrial and aquatic, animal and plant species.

The role of bioassay in the diagnosis of mycotoxicoses in farm animals is discussed. Methods for detecting mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds using biological species (aquatic and terrestrial animals and plants but excluding bacteria and yeast) are reviewed. Factors that need to be considered when choosing and using particular bioassay procedures in a feed-screening programme are discussed in relation to the occurrence of false positives and false negatives.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the nutritive value of yellow rice in rats and broiler chicks.

Yellow discoloration often develops in rice kernels during post-harvest storage, due possibly to fungal activity. The present study examined the changes in nutrient composition taking place during yellowing of rice, and the effects of feeding rats and broiler chicks on a moderately yellow rice at 600 g/kg diet. Nitrogen content was found to be higher in rice grains that had become more yellow, only part of the increase being in non-protein-N; however, relative to crude protein (N x 6.25) the concentrations of lysine, methionine, cystine and arginine were lower. There were no significant differences between white and yellow rice in the food intake, weight gain and efficiency of food utilization (EFU) of rats and chicks when diets were formulated to contain similar nutrient concentrations, or the same basal ingredient composition. Diet pelleting increased food intake and weight gain in both animal species, but reduced dry matter and energy digestibility in rats; effects on nutrient retention in chicks were largely non-significant. Liver weights of rats and chicks and pancreas weights of chicks were unaffected by yellow rice; however, chicks fed on mash had a larger pancreas on average than those fed on pellets. Thus, whilst the nutrient composition of rice is altered during yellowing, a moderately yellow rice is unlikely to produce major adverse effects when fed to rats and broiler chicks.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Effects of different copra meals and amino acid supplementation on broiler chick growth.

1. The effects of including copra meals from different sources in nutritionally-balanced broiler chick diets were compared. A meal screw press-expelled twice to contain 75 g residual lipid/kg produced a lower growth rate than a meal pressed once to contain 220 g lipid/kg. 2. Chicks fed copra meal at 400 g/kg diet had a higher growth rate on a diet formulated to contain 12.4 g lysine/kg and 8.3 g methionine+cystine/kg than on a diet containing 13.5 and 9.0 g/kg of the respective amino acids; however, in a second experiment performance of chicks was unaffected when the low amino acid, low-oil copra meal-based diet was supplemented with synthetic amino acids.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Effects of different rates of drying cassava root on its toxicity to broiler chicks.

1. The effects of drying cassava root at different rates on its composition and toxicity to broiler chicks were examined. Unpeeled roots from a high-cyanide cultivar of cassava were chipped and dried at 25 degrees C to a moisture content of below 100 g/kg over 24 h for fast-dried meal (FD) or 72 h for slow-dried meal (SD). The meals were incorporated at 250 and 500 g/kg into semi-synthetic diets which were fed to day-old broiler chicks as mash or pellets in separate experiments. 2. The two drying rates produced meals with similar concentrations of polyphenols, but different concentrations of cyanogens, the latter being 38 and 482 mg total cyanide/kg for SD and FD, respectively. The linamarin, acetonecyanohydrin or total cyanide content measurements of pelleted diets were highly correlated. 3. Growth rates of chicks fed on SD-based diets were significantly higher than those of chicks fed on FD-based diets. Compared with a control diet, weight gain of chicks fed on the 500 g FD/kg diet (containing 258 mg total cyanide/kg) was 77% lower, although performance also appeared to be reduced at 142 mg total cyanide/kg. 4. The ratio of water:food intake of chicks was higher in FD than in SD groups, and this was reflected in the high water content of excreta. There was increased bile excretion, the chloretic effect increasing with the cyanogen content of diet. Pancreas weights were lower in FD than in SD groups in experiment 1 (mash diets), but not in experiment 2 (pelleted diets), while there was a significant interaction between drying method and cassava inclusion rate on liver weight in experiment 2, but not in experiment 1. There were no effects on the mortality rate. 5. Pelleting of diets generated high temperatures, but did not significantly alter the cyanogen concentration or the growth of the chicks. 6. Thus, slower rates of drying cassava roots produce meals with lower cyanogen concentration that are, consequently, less toxic to broiler chicks. Cassava root meal of less than 40 mg total cyanide/kg can be fed to broiler chicks at 500 g/kg without any adverse effects.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and iron-treated cottonseed meal in different laying hen genotypes.

The effects of dietary screw-pressed cottonseed meal (CSM) and iron-treated CSM on laying performance and discolourations in eggs were examined in a range of hen genotypes. In experiment 1, six genotypes, obtained at point-of-lay from various sources, were fed on a non-CSM diet, a diet with 300 g CSM/kg, and a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg. In experiment 2, two of these genotypes were reared together from day-old and were fed from 10 to 18 weeks on a non-CSM diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 250 g/kg. They were then fed on a non-CSM layer diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design that also examined the effects of the rearing diet. 2. The effects on food intakes and egg production of including CSM and iron-treated CSM in layer diets depended on the genotype of the hens. The strongest interaction between breed and diet was on food intake, the breed Hubbard Golden Comet (HGC) being the least tolerant of CSM and iron-treated CSM. 3. Inclusion of iron-treated CSM in the rearer diet to supply approximately 70% of the dietary protein had no adverse effects on growth or age at first egg. Food intake and egg production between 18 and 26 weeks were affected by the iron-treated CSM layer diet, but there were no carry-over effects attributable to the rearing diets. 4. Genotype was not a factor in the development of the gossypol-related brown yolk discolouration in fresh or warm-stored eggs of hens fed on a CSM-based diet containing 197 mg free gossypol/kg and 52 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg (experiment 1). 5. In both experiments, the susceptibility of eggs to the CPFA-related cold storage effects depended on the genotype of the hen, eggs from hens of the HCG breed being more affected than those of ISA hens. 6. Treatment of CSM with crystalline ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol, prevented brown yolk discolourations in all genotypes tested, as assessed by subjecting egg yolks to atmospheres of ammonia, and cold storage of eggs.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1989

Effects of atmospheric ammonia on chick embryo development.

1. Two experiments were carried out in which fertile, White Leghorn eggs were individually subjected to atmospheric ammonia, for 24 h before incubation, in order to examine the effects on embryo development. 2. In experiment 1, development was unaffected by 0.35 mg/l (493 microliters/l) atmospheric ammonia and slightly reduced by 0.7 mg/l (986 microliters/l) while 7 mg/l (9,860 microliters/l) produced 100% mortality. In experiment 2, embryo development was unaffected by 0.35 mg/l atmospheric ammonia, but severely reduced by 3.15 mg/l (4,437 microliters/l).

Ammonia↗
PubMed1989

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal, with and without iron treatment, on laying hens.

1. The effects of feeding a screw-press expelled cottonseed meal (CSM) to laying hens at dietary concentrations of up to 300 g/kg, were studied over a 10 week period. 2. The overall performance of hens fed on a 75g CSM/kg diet was not significantly different from controls but a 300g CSM/kg diet, containing 255 mg free gossypol/kg and 87 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg and giving daily intakes per hen of 26.2 mg free gossypol and 9.0 mg CPFA, significantly reduced food intake (P less than 0.01) and egg production (P less than 0.01). The 150g CSM/kg diet (daily intakes of 14.6 mg free gossypol and 4.8 mg CPFA per hen) did not produce adverse effects initially but egg production was slightly depressed towards the end of the experimental period. 3. Treatment of the CSM with a solution of ferrous sulphate hepta-hydrate for inclusion in a 300g CSM/kg diet (100 mg/kg supplemental dietary iron) further reduced food intake (P less than 0.05) and egg production (P less than 0.05). 4. Storage of eggs at warm temperatures for up to 1 month did not lead to discolourations of any kind in the CSM diet groups, but resulted in yolk mottling, a condition reduced by treatment of the CSM with iron. 5. Storage of eggs at cold temperatures for 3 months resulted in brown yolk discolouration and the initial stages of pink albumen discolouration in the 300g CSM/kg diet group; the brown yolk discolouration was reduced by treatment of the CSM with iron.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Responses of broiler chicks to dietary copra cake of high lipid content.

1. Broiler chicks fed on a diet containing 500 g/kg expeller copra cake of high residual oil content not only retained less dry matter and gained less weight than those fed on a control diet with no copra, they also experienced difficulty in achieving similar food intakes. 2. Chicks given the 500 g/kg copra ration initially displayed an excited behaviour pattern, which may have developed out of frustration as they could neither derive adequate nourishment from their food nor increase food intakes sufficiently to allow them to achieve their genetic potential for growth. 3. Chicks however showed considerable adaptation in that efficiency of food utilisation and intakes were increased gradually; the latter appeared to be partly regulated by an increased intake of water that was associated with copra feeding. The surface area of the intestines was also increased in order to facilitate the absorption of nutrients, and greater proportions of the nutrients absorbed were converted into body weight. 4. There were no significant differences in 7-week body weights of chicks fed the control, 125 g/kg and 250 g/kg copra diets. Although weight gains at the 500 g/kg inclusion rate were lower, the carcases of these chicks had less abdominal fat and were consequently leaner.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Heredity in man.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation focusing on immunotherapy of life-threatening malignant and non-malignant diseases.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) represents an important therapeutic tool for treatment of otherwise incurable malignant and non-malignant diseases. Until recently, myeloablative regimens were considered mandatory for eradication of all undesirable host-derived hematopoietic elements. Our preclinical and ongoing clinical studies indicated that much more effective eradication of host immunohematopoietic system cells could be achieved by adoptive allogeneic cell therapy with donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) following BMT. Thus, eradication of blood cancer cells, especially in patients with CML can be frequently accomplished despite complete resistance of such tumor cells to maximally tolerated doses of chemoradiotherapy. Our cumulative experience suggested that graft versus leukemia (GVL) effects might be a useful tool for eradication of otherwise resistant tumor cells of host origin. The latter working hypothesis suggested that effective BMT procedures may be accomplished without lethal conditioning of the host, using new well tolerated non-myeloablative regimen, thus possibly minimizing immediate and late side effects related to myeloablative procedures considered until recently mandatory for conditioning of BMT recipients. Recent clinical data that will be presented suggests that safe non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST), with no major toxicity can replace the conventional BMT. Thus, NST may provide an option for cure for a large spectrum of clinical indications in children and elderly individuals without lower or upper age limit, while minimizing procedure-related toxicity and mortality.

Acute Disease↗