Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S Notermans.
Comparison of bacterial counts of poultry carcass skin by the cotton swab and alginate swab methods showed no differences between the two sampling methods in total counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts. Also no differences were found in Salmonella isolations.
Various sampling techniques to determine the aerobic, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae counts and to detect the presence of salmonellas were compared. As a simple method for the detection of salmonellas a modified Surkeiwicz procedure using both drip and rinse water is advocated. To evaluate hygiene during processing, determination of the number of Enterobacteriaceae in pieces of skin from the ventral, lateral and breast region is preferred.
When poultry carcasses were examined immediately prior to deep freezing those which were contaminated with salmonellae were generally found to contain about 17/100 g skin. In two instances more than 1400 salmonellae/100 g skin were found to be present. After deep freezing and thawing a 5 fold reduction had occurred in the numbers of salmonellae present. A high positive correlation was found between the number of Salmonella organisms on the skin and that in the thaw water.
The mechanism of cross examination with Salmonella during processing was studied. For this purpose, various flocks were examined for the presence of Salmonella at various points in the slaughter-line during processing. The results show that not all Salmonella organisms present on the skin are killed during scalding at 55 degrees C. Contamination with Salmonella shows a marked increase during plucking. This increase is due, among other things, to the ways of processing. Evisceration did not cause a considerable change in contamination with Salmonella. It is apparent from the results that chillers may be used in a variety of ways, which has a markedly different effect on contamination. The studies show that the effect of a spinchiller is closely associated with that of processing on the whole slaughter line.
1. Heat destruction of bacteria attached to the skin did not occur at a logarithmic rate provided the temperature was above 51 degrees C. 2. It was concluded that the bacteria are protected by their location in the skin surface rather than by polymers produced during attachment. 3. An analogous process is considered to take place during the scalding of broilers, since bacteria which survived were difficult to remove from the carcasses during further processing.
1. A proportion of the bacterial flora of the skin is present in the surrounding water film and can be removed by adequate rinsing. 2. The remainder of the flora is attached to the skin in such a manner that numbers can be reduced only 10-fold during spray-cooling or spin-chilling. 3. The reduction process was found to be independent of bacterial type or the extent of previous contamination. 4. The significance of the "water film flora" is discussed with respect to the attachment of bacteria and the cleaning of carcasses.
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Foodborne diseases, i.e. illnesses due to contaminated food, are one of the most widespread problems of the contemporary world. They are toxic or infectious by nature and are caused by agents which enter the body through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. These agents can be chemical like pesticide residues and toxic metals or biological like pathogenic microorganisms. Foods contaminated by biological agents are, however, the major cause of foodborne disease. Data recorded in different countries show that the incidence of some of these diseases has increased dramatically over the past few years, but because of under-reporting the data are of limited value and cannot be compared between countries. In most countries, individual cases of illness are usually not reported. A sentinel surveillance system, started as a pilot study in the Netherlands, was shown to be feasible for the registration of some foodborne infections. Based on this study, it can be estimated that each year Salmonella and Campylobacter cause respectively about 12,000 and 25,000 cases of acute enteritis per million. Case-control studies clearly implicate poultry products as an important source of acute enteritis. New developments in food production and changing trends in food consumption lead to the emergence of new hazards. Additionally, because the population is aging and there has been an increase in the number of individuals with underlying diseases, the state of public health is deteriorating. Campylobacter, Salmonella enteritidis and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli are examples of microorganisms that have the opportunity to increase as a consequence of intensive husbandry. Listeria monocytogenes is an example of an organism that causes disease in immunosuppressed individuals.
ELISA was tested for the adequacy to differentiate between botulinum type C1 and D toxins. The results presented in this paper indicate antigenic relationship between type C1 and D toxins. Furthermore, indications were obtained that the antigenicities of type C1 and of D toxins produced by different strains are not identical. Although ELISA can be used to differentiate type C1 and D toxins from those of other types, the assay has only limited value to differentiate between type C1 and D toxins. No parallel relationship between toxicity (mouse bioassay) and toxin-related-antigen contents (ELISA) of C. botulinum type C and D cultures was found.
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Clostridium botulinum types B, C, and E were found to produce toxin in killed Pekin ducks after oral administration of spores to the live birds. The highest toxin production was found when the ducks were killed within 40 minutes after the administration of the spores. If the ducks were killed after 4 hours, only small amounts of toxin or no toxin at all was found. Pekin ducks were sensitive to botulinum toxin type C-L after oral administration, the LD50 being 9.6 X 10(4) intraperitoneal mouse LD50. Toxin types B-L, B-M, C-M, and E failed to produce symptoms of botulism. The intravenous LD50 for types B-L, B-M, C-L, and E were respectively 1.5 X 10(4), 1.6 X 10(4), 3.0 X 10(2), and 2.5 X 10(6) intraperitoneal mouse LD50. Although the results clearly showed that ducks are orally not sensitive for botulinum toxin types B and E, multiplication and toxin production of C. botulinum types B and E in dead ducks is possible. Therefore, such carcasses can be vectors in cycles of these types in the environment.