Biomedical subjects

S Naito

Publications and source records attributed to S Naito.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features: an aggressive neoplasm.

AIMS: Only a few reports on renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features have been published. This study was performed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of renal cell carcinomas with rhabdoid features. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 253 cases of renal cell carcinoma in adults, eight cases with rhabdoid features were detected. Rhabdoid areas ranged from 10% to 90% of each of the cases. Seven of the eight cases were TNM stage III or IV, and four of the eight cases died within 8 months of surgery. Immunohistochemically, the rhabdoid areas were positive for CAM 5.2 (4/8), AE1/AE3 (6/8), epithelial membrane antigen (6/8) and vimentin (8/8), and negative for myogenetic markers (0/8). The mean MIB-1 labelling index in the rhabdoid areas was higher than that in the definite carcinomatous areas. Ultrastructurally, perinuclear whorls of intermediate filaments were demonstrated in three of the eight cases using paraffin-embedded blocks. CONCLUSIONS: The rhabdoid areas in renal cell carcinoma have histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural similarities to malignant rhabdoid tumours. Renal cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features is a highly aggressive neoplasm and its malignant behaviour may be due to the high cell-proliferative activity of the rhabdoid areas. Rhabdoid features in renal cell carcinoma may represent the endpoint of clonal evolution of renal cell carcinoma (especially in clear cell type cases).

Aged↗

PubMed2002

In vitro and in vivo studies on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of an (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-pyrazolotriazine sulfoxide in the male rat.

1. BOF-4272 (a pyrazolotriazine sulfoxide) is a new drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia. The pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of both BOF-4272 enantiomers were investigated in rat. 2. Plasma concentrations after intravenous or oral administration of racemic BOF-4272 to rat were significantly higher for (S)- than for (R)-BOF-4272. 3. The concentration of (S)-BOF-4272 in hepatocyte culture medium 24 h after the addition of racemic BOF-4272 was higher than that of (R)-BOF-4272. 4. Liver concentrations after oral adminstration of racemic BOF-4272 to rat were significantly higher for (R)- than for (S)-BOF-4272. Kidney concentrations were significantly higher for (S)- than for (R)-BOF-4272. 5. Hepatic biotransformation from BOF-4272 to unknown metabolites, possibly conjugates, is stereoselective. Biotransformation of both enantiomers to the sulfone metabolite by cytochrome P450 in rat liver may also be stereoselective. 6. Biotransformation of the sulfide metabolite of BOF-4272 to BOF-4272 may be stereoselective, possibly due to the stereospecificity of flavin-containing mono-oxidase and/or cyrochrome P450. 7. The stereoselectivity of plasma concentrations of racemic BOF-4272 after intravenous or oral administration appears to be due to differences in the hepatic uptake of the two enantiomers as well as the stereoselective biotransformation of the sulfide metabolite to BOF-4272 in rat liver. Biotransformation of BOF-4272 in rat liver may also be stereoselective.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Disseminated strongyloidiasis in nephrotic syndrome.

Strongyloides stercoralis is endemic in the southwestern islands Amami and Ryukyu in Japan. Systemic strongyloidiasis occurs in immunocompromised hosts. We report here on a 60-year-old patient with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) without eosinophilia or HTLV-I infection. She was treated with corticosteroid for MCNS and died of disseminated strongyloidiasis. The patient developed systemic purpura, ileus, respiratory distress, malabsorption, pancytopenia, pulmonary hemorrhage and sepsis due to Escherichia coli before death. Massive infestation with Strongyloides stercoralis was disclosed by autopsy, and the larvae was considered as a pathomechanism or exacerbating agent of nephrotic syndrome in endemic areas.

Fatal Outcome↗

PubMed2001

Proximal symphalangism with "coarse" facial appearance, mixed hearing loss, and chronic renal failure: new malformation syndrome?

A 25-year-old man is described with short stature, moderate mental retardation, an abnormal facial appearance, a webbed neck, skeletal abnormalities including proximal symphalangism of bilateral second through fifth fingers, mixed hearing loss, and slowly progressive, sclerosing nephropathy. He was large at birth with generalized edema, more pronounced around the jaw, neck and the upper part of the body, but became short with increasing age, and currently measures 143 cm (-4.9 SD). He had intermittent proteinuria and slowly progressive deterioration of the renal function. A biopsy of the left kidney showed global glomerular sclerosis with interstitial fibrosis. He was placed on maintenance peritoneal dialysis at age 17 years, and now on hemodialysis. His skeletal abnormalities included, in addition to proximal symphalangism, stenosis of the cervical canal, scoliosis, brachydactyly of the hands, hypoplastic hip joints, and pes valgus. Other abnormalities noted were a communicating defects of the diaphragm (surgically corrected), bilateral inguinal hernia and cryptorchidism. These clinical manifestations indicate a hitherto undescribed combination of manifestations and nephropathy.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2001

Synthesis and structure--activity analysis of novel dihydropyridine derivatives to overcome multidrug resistance.

The structure activity relationships were studied on newly synthesized 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives possessing a 1-pentyl group at the 4-position, and 3-pyridylpropylester was found to be one of the effective fragments for overcoming P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug-resistance (MDR) in cultured human cancer cells, in vitro. 3-Pyridylpropylester was also found to be one of the effective fragments for increasing the life span of P-glycoprotein overexpressing MDR P388 leukemia-bearing mice, in vivo. All compounds had weak calcium antagonistic activities, but there appeared no relationship between MDR reversing effect and calcium antagonistic activity.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗

PubMed2001

A novel superoxide-producing NAD(P)H oxidase in kidney.

During phagocytosis, gp91(phox), the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, becomes activated to produce superoxide, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants. Currently increasing evidence suggests that nonphagocytic cells contain similar superoxide-producing oxidases, which are proposed to play crucial roles in various events such as cell proliferation and oxygen sensing for erythropoiesis. Here we describe the cloning of human cDNA that encodes a novel NAD(P)H oxidase, designated NOX4. The NOX4 protein of 578 amino acids exhibits 39% identity to gp91(phox) with special conservation in membrane-spanning regions and binding sites for heme, FAD, and NAD(P)H, indicative of its function as a superoxide-producing NAD(P)H oxidase. The membrane fraction of kidney-derived human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, expressing NOX4, exhibits NADH- and NADPH-dependent superoxide-producing activities, both of which are inhibited by diphenylene iodonium, an agent known to block oxygen sensing, and decreased in cells expressing antisense NOX4 mRNA. The human NOX4 gene, comprising 18 exons, is located on chromosome 11q14.2-q21, and its expression is almost exclusively restricted to adult and fetal kidneys. In human renal cortex, high amounts of the NOX4 protein are present in distal tubular cells, which reside near erythropoietin-producing cells. In addition, overexpression of NOX4 in cultured cells leads to increased superoxide production and decreased rate of growth. The present findings thus suggest that the novel NAD(P)H oxidase NOX4 may serve as an oxygen sensor and/or a regulator of cell growth in kidney.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Cell proliferative activity and expression of cell-cell adhesion factors (E-cadherin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin, and p120) in sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sarcomatoid RCC (renal cell carcinoma) is an uncommon, but not rare, neoplasm which has been shown to have a much worse prognosis than common RCC. The current study was designed to investigate the association of proliferative activity and cell-cell adhesion molecules with sarcomatoid RCC. METHODS: Proliferative activity (Ki-67 labeling index) and expression of cell-cell adhesion associated molecules (E-cadherin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin, and p120) were examined using immunohistochemical techniques in 11 cases of sarcomatoid RCC. RESULTS: In six patients with sarcomatous component more than 50%, five were died within 24 month after diagnosis. The expression of these molecules within the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components of sarcomatoid RCC was compared. The mean Ki-67 labeling index in the sarcomatous components (12.6%) is statistically higher than in the carcinomatous components (3.7%) (P < 0.05). The expressions of E-cadherin, and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin were statistically decreased in the sarcomatous components compared to the carcinomatous components. However, no differences were observed regarding p120 immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study suggest that the range of the sarcomatous component may be a prognostic factor in RCC, and the malignant behavior of sarcomatoid RCC is due to high cell proliferative activity and decreased expressions of E-cadherin and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin in the sarcomatous component.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Determination of reduced, protein-unbound, and total concentrations of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-cysteine in rat plasma by postcolumn ligand substitution high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the quantitative determination of the sulfur-containing amino acids N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and L-cysteine (Cys) in rat plasma. The thiols were separated by reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography, and the column eluent was continuously mixed with an iodoplatinate-containing solution. The substitution of sulfur of the thiol compound with iodide was quantitatively determined by measuring changes in the absorption at 500 nm. The low-molecular-weight disulfides and mixed disulfide conjugates of thiols with proteins were entirely reduced to the original reduced compounds by dithiothreitol. By reducing these two types of disulfides separately during sample pretreatment, the reduced, protein-unbound, and total thiol concentrations could also be determined. Validation testing was performed, and no problems were encountered. The limit of detection was approximately 20 pmol of thiol on the column. The present method was used to measure the plasma concentrations of NAC and Cys in the rat after a bolus intravenous administration of NAC, focusing on disulfide formation. The binding of NAC to protein through mixed disulfide formation proceeds in a time-dependent and reversible manner. Moreover, this "stable" covalent binding might limit total drug elimination, while the unbound NAC is rapidly eliminated. Consequently, the analytical method described in this study is very useful for the determination of plasma NAC and Cys, including disulfide conjugates derived from them.

Acetylcysteine↗

PubMed2001

The sympathetic nervous system promotes carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats by suppressing apoptosis and enhancing the growth kinetics of regenerating hepatocytes.

Norepinephrine is considered to possess potent anti-apoptotic action in regenerating hepatocytes. To clarify the role of the sympathetic nervous system in apoptosis that occurs in chronic liver damage and following the promotion of liver cirrhosis, we studied a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury model, using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and chemically sympathectomized WKY. At 24 h after CCl4 administration. acute damage, characterized by vacuolated hepatocytes in the centrilobular zone, was greater in SHR than in WKY. This vacuolated change in WKY hepatocytes was significantly reduced by chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). After 48 h, the acute damage was dramatically improved in each animal, without significant differences between the three groups. In chronic damage after weekly repetition of CCl4 treatment for 4 weeks, fibrosis was evident in SHR, while in the other groups there was only scant fibrosis in the centrilobular zone. After 8 weeks' repetition of CCl4, liver cirrhosis was seen only in SHR. The incidence of apoptotic cells in areas of both acute and chronic damage in WKY, detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling, was significantly increased in comparison with that in SHR, and was further increased by 6-OHDA pretreatment. In contrast, there was significantly greater enhancement of the growth of hepatocytes in SHR than in WKY in both acute and chronic damage. Moreover. hepatocyte growth kinetics in WKY was significantly inhibited after sympathectomy in acute injury, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In vitro, the amount of hepatocellular apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 was significantly decreased by incubation with norepinephrine. These findings suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of the sympathetic nervous system increases cell growth kinetics and promotes liver cirrhosis in this animal model.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from the genital tract and pharynx of two gonorrhea patients.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated simultaneously from urethral and pharyngeal specimens of two gonorrhea patients. The pair of isolates from one of the two patients were identical in auxotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern, and antimicrobial susceptibility, which indicated that both sites in that patient were infected with the same strain of N. gonorrhoeae. However, the two isolates from the other patient had different properties, indicating that the two sites in the second patient were infected with different strains. The gonococcal infections in these patients failed to respond to initial treatment with sparfloxacin or sulbactam/ampicillin, because the causative strains of N. gonorrhoeae were resistant to the respective antibiotics. Variable patterns and routes of gonococcal infection have recently been discovered in individual patients, suggesting that specimens for bacterial isolation should be taken not just from one site but from various sites that might be infected. This method may contribute to the successful treatment and epidemiological investigation of gonococcal infections.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Association between proline-requiring auxotype and fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Japan.

We examined the association between auxotype and fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Fukuoka, Japan, and investigated whether the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates was caused by the dissemination of the same clone in the community. We examined the antimicrobial susceptibility of 294 N. gonorrhoeae, isolates obtained during three different periods in Fukuoka, Japan, and 89 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae, classified by the presence of amino-acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA and ParC proteins, to various agents, and we examined the auxotypes of the isolates. In 22 isolates with amino-acid substitutions within QRDRs in GyrA and ParC, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis was performed. The proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (ciprofloxacin, minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > or = 1 microg/ml) in 1998 (23.9%) was significantly higher than that in 1992-1993 (0%). The proportion of proline-requiring isolates increased significantly, from 4.4% in 1992-1993 to 54.5% in 1998. The ciprofloxacin MIC90 for the proline-requiring isolates were 32- and 128-fold, respectively, higher than those for the prototrophic isolates and the arginine-requiring isolates. The proportion of isolates with amino-acid substitutions within the QRDRs in GyrA and ParC in the proline-requiring group (55.5%) was significantly higher than that in the prototrophic group (0%). Of the 22 isolates with amino-acid substitutions within the QRDRs in GyrA and ParC, 16 showed the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern. These results suggest that a close association exists between the increase in the proline-requiring isolates and the increase in the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates in the gonococci isolated in Fukuoka, and that the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates with GyrA and ParC substitutions may be mainly caused by the dissemination of a single clone in the community.

Amino Acid Substitution↗

PubMed2001

Architecture of baked breads depicted by a magnetic resonance imaging.

The architecture of baked breads made of fresh dough and frozen dough was depicted by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pieces of bread (16 mm cubic cakes) were soaked in organic solvents containing various concentrations of heavy metals (Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Fe(3+)) and images of the grain structure of the breads were obtained. Of the organic solvents tested, acetone was preferable because of its single peak that prevents chemical shift effects on images, the retention of the bread structure, and the solubility of heavy metals. The heavy metals, especially Fe(3+), shortened the overly long relaxation times of acetone to practical lengths for imaging and stained the materials to provide high contrasts. The images obtained in acetone with 8 mM Fe(3+) were suitable for analyzing crumb grain structures. The bread of fresh dough showed a uniform distribution of pores of various sizes made of thin gluten sheets, whereas the pores in the bread of frozen dough were less, prominently large, non-uniformly distributed, and made of thick gluten sheets.

Bread↗

PubMed2001

Expression of the ets-1 proto-oncogene in human colorectal carcinoma.

The proto-oncogene, ets-1, is a transcription factor known to control the expression of a number of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and has been postulated to play a role in cell migration and tumor invasion. To elucidate the involvement of ets-1 in human colorectal carcinomas, we examined 41 cases of colorectal adenoma and 122 cases of colorectal carcinoma by immunohistochemistry and compared the degree of Ets-1 expression with the depth of carcinoma invasion. In adenomas, 12 of 41 cases (29.3%) showed immuno-positivity for Ets-1. 12 of 27 cases (44.4%) of adenoma with high grade dysplasia showed immunopositivity for Ets-1. However, there was no positive case in low or moderate dysplasia of adenoma. In contrast, 103 of 122 cases (84.4%) of colorectal adenocarcinoma showed immunoreactivity for Ets-1 in the carcinoma cells themselves. We investigated the relationship between pathological features in colorectal carcinoma and Ets-1 immunoreactivity of the tumor cells. Among the 122 cases of invasive carcinomas, Ets-1 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with the depth grading of tumor invasion (P < .0001), the presence of lymph node metastasis (P < .05), lymphatic invasion (P < .01) and venous invasion (P < .05). However, Ets-1 expression did not correlate with histological differentiation. In situ hybridization also confirmed the presence of ets-1 mRNA in colorectal carcinomas. Expression of ets-1 mRNA was also detected in two of three human colorectal carcinoma tissues and in four of six different kinds of carcinoma cell lines by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. These findings suggest that the expression of Ets-1 is one of the important factors related to carcinogenesis and/or tumor invasion of colorectal carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

The effects of flecainide on ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in pig urethral myocytes.

The effects of the antiarrhythmic drug flecainide on levcromakalim-induced hyperpolarization, macroscopic and unitary K(+) currents in pig urethra were investigated using patch-clamp techniques. The effects of flecainide were also examined on currents in inside-out patches of COS7 cells expressing carboxy terminus truncated inwardly rectifying K(+) channel (Kir6.2) subunits (i.e. Kir6.2DeltaC36) which form ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP) channels). In current-clamp mode, application of flecainide (> or =100 microM) caused a significant depolarization after the membrane potential had been hyperpolarized by levcromakalim. In voltage-clamp experiments, the levcromakalim-induced outward current was suppressed by 300 microM flecainide in quasi-physiological K(+) conditions (K(i)=51 microM). In contrast, approximately 20% of the levcromakalim-induced inward current still remained even after application of 300 microM flecainide in symmetrical 140 mM K(+) conditions (K(i)=51 microM). In contrast, approximately 20% of the levcromakalim-induced inwar=126 microM). In cell-attached configuration, the channel activity of the levcromakalim-induced K(ATP) channels was reversibly inhibited by flecainide (> or =30 microM) at -50 mV. Their activity was also suppressed by either disopyramide or cibenzoline. Flecainide reversibly inhibited the channel activity of Kir6.2DeltaC36 expressed in COS7 cells using inside-out configuration. Inhibitory effects of flecainide on the levcromakalim-induced currents became more potent when the value of external pH increased, although this slightly reduced the proportion of drug molecules carrying a positive charge. These results suggest that flecainide inhibits channel activity through blocking the pore site of the K(ATP) channel in pig urethra.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2001

The involvement of L-type Ca(2+) channels in the relaxant effects of the ATP-sensitive K(+) channel opener ZD6169 on pig urethral smooth muscle.

1. The effects of ZD6169, a novel ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP) channel) opener, were investigated on membrane currents in isolated myocytes using patch-clamp techniques. Tension measurement was also performed to study the effects of ZD6169 on the resting tone of pig urethral smooth muscle. 2. Levcromakalim was more potent than ZD6169 in lowering the resting urethral tone. Relaxation induced by low concentrations of ZD6169 (< or =3 microM) was completely suppressed by additional application of glibenclamide (1 microM). In contrast, glibenclamide (1-10 microM) only partially inhibited the relaxation induced by higher concentrations of ZD6169 (> or = microM). 3. Bay K8644 (1 microM) reduced the maximum relaxation produced by ZD6169 (> or =10 microM). 4. In whole-cell configuration, ZD6169 suppressed the peak amplitude of voltage-dependent Ba(2+) currents in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner, and at 100 microM, shifted the steady-state inactivation curve of the voltage-dependent Ba(2+) currents to the left at a holding potential of -90 mV. 5. In cell-attached configuration, open probability of unitary voltage-dependent Ba(2+) channels (27 pS, 90 mM Ba(2+)) was inhibited by 100 microM ZD6169 and by 10 microM nifedipine. 6. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) analysis revealed the presence of the transcript of the alpha(1C) subunit of L-type Ca(2+) channels in pig urethra. 7. These results demonstrate that ZD6169 causes urethral relaxation through two distinct mechanisms, activation of K(ATP) channels at lower concentrations and inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels at higher concentrations (about 10 microM).

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2001

Human homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell polarity protein PAR6 as an adaptor that links the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 to atypical protein kinase C.

BACKGROUND: Asymmetric cell division in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryos requires products of par (partitioning defective) genes 1-6 and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), whereas Cdc42 and Rac, members of the Rho family GTPases, play an essential role in cell polarity establishment in yeast and mammalian cells. However, little is known about a link between PAR proteins and the GTPases in cell polarization. RESULTS: Here we have cloned cDNAs for three human homologues of PAR6, designated PAR6alpha, beta and gamma, comprising 345, 372 and 376 amino acids, respectively. The PAR6 proteins harbour a PDZ domain and a CRIB-like motif, and directly interact with GTP-bound Rac and Cdc42 via this motif and with the aPKC isoforms PKCiota/lambda and PKCzeta via the N-terminal head-to-head association. These interactions are not mutually exclusive, thereby allowing the PAR6 proteins to form a ternary complex with the GTPases and aPKC, both in vitro and in vivo. When PAR6 and aPKC are expressed with a constitutively active form of Rac in HeLa or COS-7 cells, these proteins co-localize to membrane ruffles, which are known to occur at the leading edge of polarized cells during cell movement. CONCLUSION: Human PAR6 homologues most likely play an important role in the cell polarization of mammalian cells, by functioning as an adaptor protein that links activated Rac and Cdc42 to aPKC signalling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Prophylactic intravesical instillation of mitomycin C and cytosine arabinoside for prevention of recurrent bladder tumors following surgery for upper urinary tract tumors: a prospective randomized study.

BACKGROUND: A recurrence of bladder tumors following surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is not rarely observed. A prospective randomized study was conducted to examine the significance of prophylactic intravesical instillation of mitomycin C (MMC) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) to prevent recurrent bladder tumors after surgery for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. METHODS: The patients were randomized into an instillation group, who received postoperative intravesical instillation of MMC (20 mg) and Ara-C (200 mg) 28 times over a period of 2 years, and a non-instillation group. The non-recurrence rate was then compared between the groups. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients registered, 25 patients (13 with instillation and 12 without instillation) were able to be evaluated, with a median follow-up period of 45 months. The non-recurrence rate of bladder tumors in the instillation group was higher than that in the non-instillation group. Although the difference was not statistically significant, the P-value (P = 0.079) demonstrated a strong trend. When any possible bias was allowed for a multivariate analysis, the difference was almost significant (P = 0.0567). No patients withdrew from this study due to any side-effects. CONCLUSION: The postoperative instillation of MMC and Ara-C may be a useful approach for reducing the recurrence of bladder tumors after surgery for upper urinary tract tumors.

Administration, Intravesical↗

PubMed2001

Androgen deprivation in combination with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer.

Radical prostatectomy is the only potential modality for cure in patients with localized prostate cancer. However, the lack of reliable and accurate clinical staging frequently leads to incomplete excision of tumor, with the consequences of early local recurrence or distant metastasis. Thus, the role of neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal treatment has been investigated in improving disease-free or cause-specific survival. This review reports the current status and problems of such androgen deprivation in combination with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer.

Androgen Antagonists↗