Accuracy and reproducibility of syringe measurements.
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Reproducibility of Results↗
Biomedical subjects
S N Lee
Publications and source records attributed to S N Lee.
Serum concentrations of salicylic acid following topically applied salicylate derivatives.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate and extent of systemic salicylate absorption following single and multiple applications of two topically applied analgesics, one containing methyl salicylate and the other containing trolamine salicylate. DESIGN: Two-period, two-treatment, randomized, crossover, multiple-dose study in healthy men and women volunteers. PARTICIPANTS: Six men and six women volunteers, 21-44 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects applied 5 g of an ointment containing 12.5% methyl salicylate twice daily for 4 days (8 doses) or a cream containing trolamine 10% twice daily for two doses, to a 10-cm2 area on the thigh. Treatment order and leg (right or left) were assigned randomly. Subjects were crossed over to the alternate treatment on the other leg after a minimum washout period of 7 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total amount of salicylate recovered in the urine during two dosing intervals (24 hours) on each study day, relative to the applied dose, was used to calculate the bioavailability of each product. Mean standard pharmacokinetic parameters including area under the curve, maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration, and minimum concentrations at steady-state were determined from serum concentrations. Serum concentrations were fit to three pharmacokinetic models and the suitability of each model was evaluated. Estimates of absorption rate constant, clearance, volume, and fraction absorbed on day 1 were estimated by using the best-fitting model. RESULTS: Salicylic acid could not be detected in serum after trolamine application. However, concentrations between 0.31 and 0.91 mg/L were detected within 1 hour of the first application of methyl salicylate and Cmax between 2 and 6 mg/L were observed following the seventh application on day 4. Both the extent and rate of absorption changed after the first 24 hours. The absorption rate constant increased significantly from the first to the seventh dose (first dose absorption rate constant: 0.16 h-1, seventh dose: 0.28 h-1; p < 0.035). Urinary recovery of total salicylate (salicylic acid and principal metabolites of salicylic acid) during the first 24 hours of the methyl salicylate phase averaged 175.2 mg, exceeding the 6.9 mg (p < 0.05) recovered during the trolamine phase. The recovery of salicylate in the urine in the first 24 hours after application of methyl salicylate was significantly greater than the 1.4% recovered after application of trolamine (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the fraction of methyl salicylate recovered in the urine increased significantly from 15.5% on day 1 to approximately 22% on the second, third, and fourth days. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable amount of salicylic acid may be absorbed through the skin after topical application of methyl salicylate products and this may increase with multiple applications. Caution is warranted in patients for whom systemic salicylate may be hazardous or problematic.
Administration, Cutaneous↗
A case of massive cisplatin overdose managed by plasmapheresis.
OBJECTIVES: Accidental cisplatin overdose occurs with increasing frequency despite the safeguards taken in prescription and administration, since cisplatin has been used increasingly for the treatment of numerous malignancies. Accidentally, a 59-year-old male received massive cisplatin overdose of 300mg/m2. METHODS: Laboratory documentation included measurement of cisplatin concentrations by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (Varian, Spectra AA 300). RESULTS: Toxicities included severe emesis, myelosuppression, renal failure, mental deterioration with hallucination, dim vision and hepatic toxicity. Plasmapheresis was effective in lowering the platinum concentration from greatest 2979 ng/ml to 185 ng/ml and appeared to be of clinical benefit. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was used to ameliorate myelosuppression. The patient's renal function was restored 3 months later and partial response of esophageal cancer was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Plasmapheresis was effective in lowering the platinum concentration in massive cisplatin overdose. This case heightens awareness to the possibility of accidental cisplatin overdose and the benefits of prompt management.
Antineoplastic Agents↗
Inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst activity and aggregation by 6-ketocholestanol.
6-ketocholestanol, a naturally occurring oxygenated sterol, when incubated with human neutrophils (PMN), can inhibit superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation in a dose-dependent fashion. This is accompanied by inhibition of stimulated PMN aggregation without alteration in cellular viability. This inhibitory effect is not affected by washing of the cells, and cannot be blocked by the addition of free cholesterol to the medium. These data are consistent with prior observations which showed an inhibitory effect on PMN chemotaxis by certain oxygenated sterol compounds, and support the hypothesis that certain oxygenated sterols can affect a variety of human PMN functions by a mechanism that may involve perturbation of the plasma membrane.
Cell Aggregation↗
Localization in interstitial dosimetry utilizing the CT scanner.
A simple method utilizing CT scanners which were readily available is described in which alignment of the isodose curves can be made directly on the printout of the CT scan. This has obvious practical and theoretical advantages. In particular, the dose to vital structures, such as spinal cord and other critical viscera, can be well described.
Humans↗
Mass spectrometry of Alternaria mali toxins and related cyclodepsipeptides.
The structures of AM-toxins I, II and III, host specific phytotoxic metabolites of Alternaria mali, can be readily deduced from low and high resolution mass spectral data, since the amino acids and their sequences are demonstrated by this technique. Additionally, the general fragmentation of these compounds by electron impact is discussed by comparing the spectra of analogous synthetic compounds.
Alanine↗
Radiation therapy for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer in adults.
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Adult↗
Synthesis and antiviral activity of L-2'-deoxy-2'-up-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides.
L-2'-Deoxy-2'-up-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides were efficiently synthesized from D-xylose via L-4-thioarabitol derivative as a key intermediate and evaluated for antiviral activities against HIV-1, HSV-1,2 and HBV.
Antiviral Agents↗
Diabetes mellitus induces vaginal tissue fibrosis by TGF-beta 1 expression in the rat model.
The commonly reported sexual problem in women with diabetes mellitus is lack of vaginal lubrication. It is our hypothesis that reduced vaginal lubrication in diabetic women may result from the structural changes of the vagina. The aim of this study was to investigate in the diabetic rat model the vaginal structures using histochemistry and the expression of TGF-beta 1 using immunohistochemistry. Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats (200-210 g) were divided into two groups: control and experimental. The experimental group (n = 10) received intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). After 4 weeks, blood glucose levels were measured, and the vagina of the rat was excised. Serial sections of the vagina were used to perform hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Masson's trichrome stains, and for immunohistochemistry to identify TGF-beta 1 expression. The mean blood glucose concentrations were 67 +/- 11 mg/dL (range; 50-85) in the control group and 522 +/- 61 mg/dl (range; 429-590) in the experimental group. In the diabetic animals, vaginal tissue revealed reduced epithelial layers and decreased vaginal submucosal vasculatures compared to the control animals. The collagen connective tissue in the submucosal area of the diabetic animal tissue showed a dense and irregular, distorted arrangement. The immunoreactivity of TGF-beta 1 in the diabetic animals was prominent in the collagen connective tissue, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle fibers, whereas no immunoactivity was detected in the vaginal structures of the control animals. Diabetes mellitus may induce vaginal tissue fibrosis by TGF-beta 1 expression in the rat model. This implies that reduced vaginal lubrication in the diabetic women may result from the structural changes of the vagina.
Animals↗
Comparing the accuracy of ThinPrep Pap tests and conventional Papanicolaou smears on the basis of the histologic diagnosis: a clinical study of women with cervical abnormalities.
OBJECTIVE: To confirm that the ThinPrep Pap test (TP) is as effective as or more effective than the conventional Papanicolaou smear (CS) in detecting epithelial cell abnormalities in a population with cervical abnormalities. STUDY DESIGN: In a blinded, split-sample, matched-pair study, a CS was prepared using a cytobrush, and then TP slides were prepared from the remainder of the sample. All slides were evaluated as defined and classified by the Bethesda System. The results of the two cytologic tests were compared in 483 women relative to the histologic diagnoses of subsequent colposcopically directed cervical biopsies in 158 cases. RESULTS: The cytologic diagnoses from the two methods agreed exactly in 91.4% of cases. The comparison between the two cytologic diagnoses with reference to the histologic diagnosis of subsequent colposcopically directed cervical biopsies showed that TP was significantly more specific for diagnosing lesions than was CS. The sensitivity of the two methods was equivalent. CONCLUSION: In a population with cervical abnormalities, TP is more specific than and as effective as CS in detecting cervical epithelial cell abnormalities. TP improved the specificity of disease detection by reducing the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance category and/or false positive cases.
Biopsy↗
Enhanced adenoviral transduction efficiency in HER-2/neu-overexpressing human breast cancer cells not induced by an integrin pathway.
Adenoviruses are currently widely used as vectors in gene therapy. The steps involved in adenoviral infection have been investigated, but the factors regulating viral entry to the cell have not been clearly identified. We observed a high adenoviral infection rate in HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells in vitro (435.eb1 and MCF-7/H18) and in vivo (435.eb1). We used emodin, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that suppresses autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation activities of the HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase, to test the role of HER-2/neu in adenoviral transduction. Emodin treatment resulted in a marked decrease in the transduction efficiency of HER-2/neu-overexpressing cells but not in the parental cells. Because previous studies have shown that epidermal growth factor and tumor growth factor-alpha increase the expression level of integrin. Because integrin alphav is known as a promotor of viral internalization, penetration, or both, we investigated whether the observed increased transduction rate in HER-2/neu transfectants was mediated through the increased expression of integrin alphav. To test this hypothesis, we examined the level of integrin alphav of in HER-2/neu overexpressing cells. We found that the level of integrin alphav expression detected in HER-2/neu overexpressing cells by immunoblot analysis was similar to the level of integrin alphav found in its parental cells. These results suggest that HER-2/neu expression may have a significant role in the viral transduction efficiency through an integrin alphav independent pathway.
Adenoviridae↗