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S Mahdihassan

Publications and source records attributed to S Mahdihassan.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Alchemy, Chinese versus Greek, an etymological approach: a rejoinder.

The theory generally accepted maintains that Alchemy arose at Alexandria as a child of Greek culture. It has two names, Chemeia as the earlier and Chumeia as the later. There is another theory that Alchemy arose in China. Its founder was the aged ascetic who longed after drugs of longevity. He first tried jade, next gold and cinnabar, but the ideal was a drug which was red like cinnabar and fire-proof like gold. But what was actually prepared was red colloidal gold or "calcined gold," by grinding gold granules in a decoction of an herb of longevity. It was called Chin-I; Chin = gold and I = plant juice. In Fukin dialect Chin-I = Kim-Iya. This was Arabicized, by pre-Islamic Arabs trading in silk with China, as Kimiya, whence arose Al-Kimiya and finally Al-chemy. It was first accepted by Bucharic speaking Copts in Egypt who transliterated Kimiya = Chemeia, pronouncing it as the Arabs did. With the increase of trade in silk the Chinese also went to Alexandria and helped the Greeks to translate Chin-I as Chrusozomion meaning, gold (making) ferment, instead of gold making plant juice. Consistent with this origin of the word Chemeia is the fact that the earlier Alchemists were not Greeks but probably Bucharic speaks Copts or Egyptians. The consumer of Chin-I or Chemeia became "a drug-made immortal" called Chin-Jen, Golden-Man. This was translated into Greek as Chrusanthropos. Thus the etymoloogy of two Greek words Chrusozomion and Chrusanthropos support the origin of the loan word, Chemeia as Chinese. To save space it is not proposed to discuss the origin of Chumeia.

Alchemy↗

Symbols designed by European alchemists incorporating elements of Chinese origin.

Alchemy arose in China as cult of longevity generating life-force by imitating creation. Heaven and Earth, as opposites, were conceived as responsible for creation. They were believed to be round and square-shaped when their emblems became Compass and Carpenter's square. These have been retained in the symbols designed by alchemists of the Medieval Age without, however, revealing their origin or significance.

Alchemy↗

Venus, the goddess of fertility, numerologically 15 in Babylon and the origin of the Chinese system of 8 designs, called Pa-Kua.

In Babylonia, numerology was invented and Venus, as the goddess of fertility, was first depicted as a 6-cornered star. But, numerologically she was designated 15. As a 6-cornered star, its make-up shows two opposite triangles interpenetrated. This was changed to two squares fused into one where geometrically the shape became a square. It created 9 cells which were so numbered that the numbers counted in any row gave the sum 15. Venus thus became a Magic Square of 15. Geometrically it was a Magic Square, but numerologically it was 15. In the make-up the squares were two and opposites. As goddess of fertility she especially helped the pregnant to an easy delivery. Some 8 variants of the Magic Square, with different arrangements of numbers, represented 4 cosmic elements and 4 cosmic qualities. The Magic Squares, which represented elements, had the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 near one another forming a miniature square by themselves. A Magic Square representing a quality did not have the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, as a consolidated unit. This explains the importance of the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, a mystery which had remained unsolved. Venus was also the star of copper. When copper technology migrated from Babylon to China, the occult science associated with Venus also reached China. Here the 8 Magic Squares were translated into a system of whole and broken lines, called Pa-Kua, meaning 8 designs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

China↗

Salvaging the ancient doctrine of cosmology as contribution to modern science.

Humours have been interpreted as biochemical processes: Hot = Oxidation, Cold = Reduction, Moist = Hydration, Dry = Dehydration. Germs have to be studied according to their enzymic make up with one, say Oxidases, as the most prominent. Likewise drugs must be classed as hindering or promoting the four detoxicating processes, mentioned above.

Biochemistry↗

Blood as the earliest drug, its substitutes, preparations and latest position.

Blood was soul and Redness its active principle when red substances were rich in soul-content. But soul was a substance whence blood became a drug which donated soul to treat wounds and incurable diseases. Its redness as life-force, but also as substance, could prolong life. A drug made from human blood could treat serious wounds and as a life saving drug was also a drug of fertility. The latest use of blood appears as syrup haemoglobin while the latest use of human blood would be blood transfusion.

Adhesives↗

Indian and Chinese cosmologies reconsidered.

Indian and Chinese cosmic elements are five. They originate from a common source, Bralrma in Indian and Thai-chi in Chinese. The first created element is Mu = Tree, not wood, and life-form itself, immovable but moves everything else = Akaska in Indian cosmology. Dryness = Metal in Chinese, Moisture = Earth. Fire as Heat and Water as Cold, are common to both systems.

China↗

Cinnabar-gold as the best alchemical drug of longevity, called Makaradhwaja in India.

A drug of longevity, prior to alchemy, was peach, from which the god of longevity has emerged. Alchemy began by synthesizing red colloidal gold with gold to make the body ever-lasting and redness, as soul, to make life eternal. Its climax was reached with cinnabar-gold, which is blood-red, while red-gold is only brick-red. It was called Makaradhwaja in India. There have been fertility gods. Hermes was one and Alchemy has been named a hermetic art. Makara was crocodile-cum-fish, god of fertility. Makaradhwaja means Emblem of god of fertility, signifying a drug conferring vigour of youth.

Alchemy↗

Outline of the beginnings of alchemy and its antecedents.

There had been a long use of Simples as drugs of longevity. Among these red substances predominated, red ochre and cinnabar as minerals, ephedra bearing red berries and pomegranate and peach as vegetable products. In China herbalism became a cult of longevity with its legendary founder as Emperor Shen Nung and with the god of longevity finally emerging from the peach as Shou-Sing. To excell simple drugs of longevity the first synthetic drug was prepared as brick red colloidal gold. It was called Chin-I. Gold-cum-herbal juice. Dialectally it was pronounced Kim-Iya, whence Alkimiya in Arabic, and finally alchemy. Chin-I was Herbo-golden drug and also gold-making-juice, a miraculous substance. But it was not blood-red. Now came Chin-Tan, Cinnabar-gold, red like blood. Its redness equalled blood and as such was soul, gold as its acceptor had an everlasting body. Chin-Tan was designed as the ideal drug of longevity. Alchemy started by making red gold but degenerated, trying to make bullion gold.

Alchemy↗

Tan, cinnabar, as drug of longevity prior to alchemy.

Alchemy as the art of gold making never existing and had no beginning. It arose as the cult of longevity using simples, like gold and cinnabar, as drugs of longevity. It became alchemy on making the first synthetic drug, Chin-Yeh, Gold-plus-herbal juice, and reached its ideal with Chin-Tan, Gold-plus-cinnabar. The former was red colloidal gold, the latter vermilion with traces of gold. As inscribed character Tan shows crude cinnabar, pulverized, lavagated and filtered on a rectangular piece of cloth.

Alchemy↗

Soma juice as administered to a newly born child being mentioned in Rigveda.

Primitive life faced dangers to life during delivery and also to the newly born. As a prophylactic measure Soma juice was consumed by the mother and was the first drink given to the child. This custom has survived among the Parsis. A verse in Rigveda, hitherto overlooked, is offered implying the rite previously existed even among the Vedic Ayrans.

Humans↗

T'ao-t'ieh, a motif of Chinese funerary art as the iconographic counterpart of Cinnabar, an alchemical drug.

The agency conferring resurrection is soul or its emblem. The earliest conception of soul is blood. Its Redness penetrates subsoil and is taken up by serpent, from whence arises snake-soul, later snake-god. Blood vapours is the other fraction arising upwards. It becomes wraith bird, later soul bird, and finally bird god. Blood as whole gave snake-god plus bird-god. A winged-cobra became snake-god and bird-god or together, one-as-all. Red Cock was its equivalent. As substance came cinnabar, red like blood and sublimable like soul. Dragon was idealized snake-god. Then Dragon-god plus Bird-god became the equal of blood soul, the magical power. T'ao-t'ieh is Dragon-plus-Bird, snake-god plus bird-god, the equivalent of Cosmic soul. Then cinnabar as the equal of blood soul and T'ao-t'ieh, the emblem of Cosmic soul, each were capable of conferring resurrection and have been interred in Chinese graves.

Alchemy↗

The rational interpretation of the Indian doctrine of humorology.

The early Indian cosmology is comprized of Water, Heat, and Earth as cosmic elements. They represent conditions of plant life and have been conceived by a practical farmer. The Indian doctrine of humorology is comprized of Water, Air and Heat as humours which represent conditions of human life. They have been conceived by a medicine-man trying to substitute Soma as panacea when the substituted Rasayana drugs would be rich in the three humours.

Air↗

The tradition of alchemy in India.

The Aryan of ancient times was a nomad who lived mainly by hunting. The aged, incapable of partaking in such activity, were considered parasites and were exiled as lonely ascetics to the forest. The ascetic began searching for a strength-giving drug so that he could collect edible plants from the forest. He discovered ephedra or the soma plant as an energizer-cum-euphoriant. Feeling stronger and happier he entertained the idea of a drug of rejuvenation. The Aryan nomad as a hunter often over-exerted himself and became exhausted. He then took soma juice thrice daily to prevent exhaustion. With such benefits soma became a popular drink in the Aryan community as a whole. When the Aryans entered India soma became unavailable. Its need persisting, the ascetic substituted ephedra with a mixture of other drugs. If soma was Rasa, or the juice, the substituted medicament was called Rasayana, signifying "juice-incorporate". Rasayana again was geriatric medicine which promised rejuvenation. Later came contact with the Chinese and their use of mercurials. These proved to be efficient energizers and were accepted as Rasayana. Then Aryan medicine first extolled ephedra, next some herbal drugs, and finally mercurials. As energizers-cum-euphoriants, both ephedra and mercurials are anti-somnolents, a feature absent in intoxicants and nacrotics.

Alchemy↗

Jade and gold originally as drugs in China.

Demand for a drug identifies its user and also his needs. An aged ascetic living alone in a forest needed a drug to acquire physical strength. His search was guided by the theory that like makes like. Accordingly, jade was selected as a hard stone that never tarnishes which, when taken as a powder, will make the consumer strong-bodied. Previously, red-ochre was consumed orally on the principle that its redness would increase blood and promote longevity. Jade came to supercede red-ochre or red-earth. Its inscribed character in Chinese, Yü, is a horizontal stroke on the top of Thu, earth or clay. Thus Yü, jade, signifies Super-Earth or a drug superior to red-ochre. Searching for a more potent drug, gold was discovered and, being fireproof, was thus everlasting. Chin, gold, as a character, is composed of Yü, jade, plus a phonetic as the specifying additive. Hence the resultant character, Chin, presents gold as Super-Jade. Briefly, jade is Super (Red)-Earth and gold is Super-Jade.

China↗