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Biomedical subjects

S M Williams

Publications and source records attributed to S M Williams.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Asthma in seven year old children: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study.

The prevalence of asthma between birth and seven years was determined by questionnaire in 875 children as part of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study. From the combinations of asthma and/or wheezing reported in association with bronchitis, hayfever, eczema and allergies, a diagnosis of certain or probable asthma was made in 12.6 percent of these children. A further 22.6 percent admitted to wheezing, but a diagnosis of asthma could not be made with any certainty. Bronchitis was reported frequently, usually associated with wheezing. Children with more obvious asthma showed a male preponderance and significant differences in body build and school attendance compared with asymptomatic children.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1982

Barium enema examination following biopsy of the rectum or colon.

A four-component study was designated to evaluate the possible risk of perforation during barium enema examination following biopsy of the rectum or colon. The study included a survey of gastrointestinal radiologists, an in vitro study of pig colons after biopsy, colon pressure measurements in human subjects, and histological analysis of human colonoscopic biopsy specimens. The results suggest that superficial biopsy of the rectum of colon performed with small colonoscopic forceps is a safe procedure and no waiting period is necessary before performing a barium enema study. However, biopsy of the colon or rectum with proctoscopic forceps appears to have greater potential for perforation and a waiting period between biopsy and barium enema study is recommended. Radiologists should distinguish between proctoscopic and colonoscopic biopsy procedures before determining when a barium enema study will be performed following biopsy.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Gastroesophageal deformities of left ventricular-abdominal aortic conduit.

Left ventricular apical-abdominal aortic valved conduit has been a successful procedure for relief of severe left ventricular outlet obstruction. Postoperatively, unusual deformities of the gastric fundus and cardia may be seen on the upper gastrointestinal series and should not be mistaken for pathologic mass lesions. Three deformities are characteristic: anterior impression on the gastric fundus, medial impression on the gastric fundus, and narrowing of the distal esophagus. Occasional gastrointestinal complications including dysphagia and gastric erosion may occur.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1981

Primary school accidents.

Five hundred and eighteen Otago primary school accidents are described. Falls and accidents described as striking against or struck by a person or object, represented 82 percent of all the accidents. Nearly a third of all accidents resulted in fractures; the upper limb being the most common site of injury. Playthings and sports equipment were involved in over a quarter of the accidents. Of the accidents described, falls from playground equipment offer the best potential for the prevention of injury.

Accidents↗
PubMed1981

Accidental injuries in the sixth and seventh years of life: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study.

Two hundred and thirty-two (22 percent) of a sample of 1072 children in their sixth and seventh years of life had 273 injuries. Thirty-seven of the children had two or more accidents and 20 children were admitted to hospital as a result of their injuries. Forty-four percent of all the injuries were described as open wounds and the most common site of injury was the head. Falls were the most common type of accident and accounted for 44 percent of all injuries. The most common fall was from playground equipment.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1981

Immunisations in the fifth year of life: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study.

Of a sample of 988 Dunedin children whose mothers were interviewed after the children's fifth birthday, 7.4 percent had not received a combined diphtheria and tetanus booster and 10.6 percent had not received a rubella immunisation. Only 57.9 percent of mothers gave a correct answer to a question about why rubella immunisations are necessary, 17.0 percent gave a partially correct answer, and 25.1 percent were unable to answer the question correctly. There were no significant associations between immunisation status and maternal education level, socioeconomic status, or knowledge of the need for rubella immunisation in this sample. Knowledge of the need for immunisation was significantly associated with maternal educational background and socio-economic status. Strong and positive action to ensure greater immunisation coverage, such as suggested by Shannon and co-workers, is supported.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Immediate free recall of unilateral spoken word lists.

Neither a group of pure right-handers nor a complementary group excluding pure right-handers showed much sign of a significant monaural REA for free recall performance, in contrast to the effect found by Turvey, Pisoni and Croog (1972) for probed recall performance by a group of unknown handedness. However other evidence was found of an influence of laterality in this relatively high-level task, deriving from the observation of a significant Ear x Speed x Serial Position interaction. In non-sinistrals application of dual-process memory theory to the results showed that the right ear retrieved a greater proportion of recall than did the left ear from the long-term store, while conversely and possibly as a compensation for this the left ear relied more heavily than the right ear did on the short-term store. This effect was replicated in the sinistral group, though in an attenuated form, as would be expected if it is a consequence of hemispheric asymmetry for language.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1981

Lymphangioma: one of the soft lesions of the colon.

Lymphangiomas are benign tumors most commonly found in the neck, axilla and skin. Occasionally they may occur in the gastrointestinal tract, most in the small intestine or mesentary. Lymphangioma of the colon is rare. Many of the reported cases, however, have manifested similar radiographic features. This case exemplifies the characteristic radiographic and colonoscopic features which may suggest the diagnosis.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Preliminary abdominal films for gastrointestinal examinations: how efficacious?

A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of preliminary abdominal films for colon and upper gastrointestinal examinations was carried out on 733 patients. The preliminary film was found to be cost effective and useful in predicting adequacy of patient preparation for colon examinations but not for upper gastrointestinal studies. Significant diagnostic information that could potentially contribute to the patient's care was present in 8.4% of the cases. No contraindications to contrast examinations were found.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1978

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach in association with Menetrier's disease.

Menetrier's disease is an uncommon lesion which may have malignant potential. This report documents a case of gastric malignancy arising in a patient with long-standing Menetrier's disease and emphasizes that close follow-up of patients with this condition is necessary because of the possible development of gastric malignancy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Selective punishment early and late in fixed-ratio schedules of food reinforcement.

Pigeons key pecked for grain on a fixed-ratio 100 schedule; electric shocks occurred intermittently at the fifteenth or eighty-fifth response in the ratio. In Experiment I, shock was at the fifteenth response for two birds, and at the eighty-fifth response for two others, in every sixth, twelfth, or eighteenth ratio. Rate of responding decreased as frequency of shock increased, and the pattern of responding included an increased initial pause and low rates or pause-run sequences that extended further into the ratio when shock was at the fifteenth response than when it was at the eighty-fifth response. Shock early in the ratio engendered longer initial pauses than shock late in the ratio. In Experiment II, four birds responded on a two-component multiple schedule in which shock occurred at the fifteenth response of the third ratio in the presence of a white keylight and at the eighty-fifth response of the third ratio in the presence of a green keylight. The overall rates of responding decreased as shock intensity increased. All four birds responded differentially to the white and green keylights, but with a pattern that varied between birds. In general, punishment reduced the probability of responses that preceded it, regardless of the ordinal position of those responses. Both studies confirm that the probability of responding is reduced less by aversive stimuli produced late in a fixed-ratio than by aversive stimuli produced early in a fixed-ratio.

Journal Article↗