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S M Monroe

Publications and source records attributed to S M Monroe.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Gender differences in cognitive diathesis-stress domain match: implications for differential pathways to depression.

The frequency of cognitive diathesis-stress match was compared in a sample of depressed women and men to investigate hypotheses positing gender differences in the relation of cognitive diathesis-stress factors to depression. Depressed women were more likely to have experienced a match between a cognitive diathesis and a preonset negative stressor compared with depressed men. Comparisons of women and men on the cognitive and stress variables singly yielded differences in stress variables but not in cognitive variables. Depressed women were more likely to have experienced a negative severe event before the onset of depression and had a greater frequency of negative interpersonal events. Results supported the hypothesis of gender differences in pathways to depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

When the bear came out of hibernation.

For five years long term care companies outperformed the stock market. By the end of 1995, assisted living facilities still were going strong, but nursing facilities had taken a hit.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Toward an integration of psychologic, social, and biologic factors in depression: effects on outcome and course of cognitive therapy.

The present study attempted to integrate key variables from 3 major domains of theory in depression (cognition, stress, and psychobiology) that are typically studied separately in analyses of course and response to cognitive therapy. Dysfunctional attitudes, negative life events, or sleep electroencephalogram were assessed in 53 outpatients before treatment with cognitive therapy. High levels of dysfunctional attitudes were found to be associated with poorer response to treatment but not for those patients who had experienced a severe negative life event. Examination of the length of time required to achieve remission revealed an effect for rapid eye movement (REM) latency as well as the interaction between REM latency and life events. These results are discussed in terms of the promise of integrative research in the study of depression and its treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Spin trapping of azidyl and hydroxyl radicals in azide-inhibited rat brain submitochondrial particles.

Succinate-driven respiration in azide-inhibited rat brain submitochondrial particles (smps) produces azidyl and hydroxyl radicals that were detected by spin trapping with 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Production of radicals required succinate and oxygen and was eliminated by heat denaturation, which indicates that radical production is a result of respiration. The concentrations of both DMPO/.OH and DMPO/.N3 were decreased by addition of catalase to the smps, which indicates that H2O2 is involved in radical production. In the absence of azide anion, DMPO/.OH was not detected in the same system, even after five additions of succinate over a period of 24 h. It is proposed that azide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase results in increased production of superoxide, which is efficiently converted to hydrogen peroxide by membrane-bound superoxide dismutase. Hydrogen peroxide activates endogenous peroxidase to react with azide anion forming azidyl radical, which damages the peroxidase, resulting in decreased production of azidyl radical with successive additions of succinate. Hydroxyl radical is produced from the hydrogen peroxide that is not removed by peroxidase. The increased production of superoxide in the azide-inhibited system suggests that loss of cytochrome c oxidase activity can lead to increased radical production if other proteins in the respiratory chain remain active. In the azide-inhibited system, reaction of azide anion with H2O2-activated endogenous peroxidase and spin-trapping of the resulting azidyl radical is a convenient monitor of H2O2 production.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The stock market boom.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Health Facilities, Proprietary↗
PubMed1994

A look at subacute.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Financing, Personal↗
PubMed1993

Men are more inhibited than women by weak prepulses.

The acoustic startle reflex is normally inhibited when the startling stimulus is preceded by a weak prepulse. We studied "prepulse inhibition" (PPI) to assess potential gender differences in this operational measure of sensorimotor gating. A review of data from our previously published studies in psychiatric patients and normal controls indicated that startle in women was less inhibited by weak prepulses than was startle in men, and that this gender difference narrowed when stronger prepulses were used to elicit maximal levels of PPI. Based on these observations, new subjects were selected for study using our established criteria to exclude individuals with psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, or serious neurologic or medical illness. Replicating our preliminary observation, women exhibited significantly less PPI than men, with the gender difference being most notable under conditions with weak prepulses. Potentially confounding variables, including electrode impedance, startle amplitude, habituation and latency did not differ between men and women. PPI was then measured in male and female rats, where no gender differences were noted. These findings identify significant gender differences in PPI in humans, and suggest that inhibitory "gating" processes are more robust in men than in women, when assessed using a sensitive range of inhibitory stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Evaluating the hopelessness model of depression: diathesis-stress and symptom components.

The hopelessness model of depression posits that latent attributional diatheses combine with stressors to produce a specific subtype of depression characterized by a specific set of symptoms. Associations between attributional diathesis, stress, and symptoms were examined to test the prediction that hopelessness depressions are characterized by a specific symptom profile. Fifty-seven depressed outpatients were categorized into subgroups on the basis of whether or not they met the criteria of L. Y. Abramson, L. B. Alloy, and G. I. Metalsky's (1988) hopelessness depression, defined as a match in content domain between attributional diathesis and negative stressor. Support for hopelessness depression was mixed. The hopelessness subtype differed from other major depressions with respect to symptom profile. However, the differences in symptomatology were not wholly consistent with the predictions of the hopelessness model.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Chronic life stress and treatment outcome in agoraphobia with panic attacks.

OBJECTIVE: Factors associated with response to treatment for agoraphobia are as of yet poorly understood. The authors investigated the relationship between chronic forms of life stress and clinical improvement and recovery in subjects with agoraphobia. METHOD: Subjects meeting the DSM-III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks (N = 73) completed measures of life stress, agoraphobic symptoms, and depressive symptoms at the initiation and completion of the 12-week treatment protocol. Chronic stressors were assessed during intensive structured interviews 3-5 years after the completion of treatment and were rated by using a reliable, and previously validated, contextual rating system. The contextual life stress interview was completed by 54 subjects. The relationship of chronic forms of stress to treatment response was assessed by comparing symptomatic improvement in the subjects who had and had not experienced chronic stressors. RESULTS: Of the 54 subjects, 23 (43%) reported chronic stressors of marked or moderate severity. Subjects experiencing chronic stressors evidenced less improvement after treatment on both self-report and objective indexes of agoraphobic symptoms. Additionally, more subjects identified as nonrecovered experienced chronic stressors than did recovered subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic stressors appear to predict a relatively unfavorable treatment outcome, as defined by higher levels of symptoms after treatment, less improvement, and less likelihood of recovery. These results have important implications for enhancing psychotherapeutic outcomes.

Adult↗