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Biomedical subjects

S M Garn

Publications and source records attributed to S M Garn.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Maturational timing as a factor in female fatness and obesity.

As shown in more than 16 000 white participants in two major studies, menarcheal timing is a major determinant of weight and fatness in early adulthood. Early-maturing women are slightly shorter than late-maturing women but weigh 4 kg more. Early maturers are 30% fatter than late maturers, approximately +0.46 Z scores for each of four different skinfolds. Early maturers are far more often obese than late maturers (risk ratio = 1.8). The data suggest that maturational timing has a greater long-term effect on the level of fatness than the level of fatness had on maturational timing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Two-decade follow-up of fatness in early childhood.

As shown in our study of 383 infants and preschool children followed through early adulthood, there is some evidence that obese children are more likely to be obese as adults. Though skinfold correlations over a two-decade period were low, averaging 0.14 for both sexes, 26% of initially obese preschool children were still obese two decades later as against 15% that would be expected by chance. The risk ratio was thus 1.77. Examined in the context of the family, the fatness levels of siblings, parents and grandparents help to identify obese children for whom early intervention is indicated and the larger number of obese preschoolers who do not become obese adults.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between birth weight and subsequent weight gain.

As shown in 8709 Black term neonates followed through 7 yr of age, there is a direct, positive relationship between birth weight and long-term weight gain. Over a 7-yr period, high-weight term Black boys and girls gain 2.6 kg more than their low-weight peers, an excess of 15%. In contrast, there is an inverse relationship between birth weight and subsequent gain in length in these term Black neonates. The long-term differential in weight gain, which is primarily attained after the first yr, has major implications for the understanding of growth and for nutritional assessment of infants and children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1985

Quantification of dysmorphogenesis: pattern variability index, sigma z.

The pattern variability index (sigma z) is the standard deviation of Z-scored radiogrammetric measurements of an individual expressed relative to norms for age and gender. As applied to standardized measurements of the head and face, a sigma z value of 1.2 approximates the 95th percentile of the normal range of children, adolescents, and adults. Individuals with congenital malformation syndromes tend to exceed 1.2 in the pattern variability index and may achieve values of 1.8-2.0 and above. sigma z thus provides objective indications of dysmorphogenesis and quantification of the degree of departure from the normal appearance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Adipose tissue growth patterns during human gestation: a histometric comparison of buccal and gluteal fat depots.

Morphometric analysis of fat lobule size and number, and fat cell number in middle buccal and gluteal fat depots during the prenatal period was carried out using histological sections from 88 typical-for-age or normal human prenates of both sexes. The sample ranged from 110 to 385 mm Crown-Rump length (or from 14 through 42 gestational weeks). Compared with the buccal fat pad, the gluteal fat was one to four weeks delayed in lobule maturation. In addition to fat maturation differences between buccal and gluteal fat sites, gluteal fat characteristically showed fewer but larger fat lobules than did the buccal fat pad. Conversely there appeared a larger number of fat cells per unit area in the buccal fat than in the gluteal fat. Fat accumulation in human buccal and gluteal fat depots include differences in growth timing and magnitude, but also different developmental patterns. These patterns suggests our hypothesis that while lobule hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur at both sites, gluteal fat lobules grow primarily through lobule hypertrophy whereas the buccal fetal pad grows through lobule hyperplasia.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Are pregnant teenagers still in rapid growth?

Longitudinal analysis of 1,601 teenage girls, followed up through two or three pregnancies, provided no evidence that the larger pregnancy weight gains observed in younger teenage mothers were attributable to rapid growth. These data were consistent with the time elapsed between menarche and the first pregnancy and refuted popular explanations for the higher pregnancy weight gains in early teenage pregnancy. Fluid retention and increased fluid volume, rather than additions to maternal body mass, were more likely explanations for the high weight gain of younger teenage mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The chronology of adipose tissue appearance and distribution in the human fetus.

Timing of first appearance and subsequent distribution of adipose tissue were assessed in 488 normal-for-age human fetuses. The sample represented each of the three trimesters of normal pregnancies. Light microscopy showed that adipose tissue first appears and progressively develops from the 14th to 24th week of gestation (100-216 mm crown-rump length) in those areas where it characteristically accumulates after birth. No significant sex differences were found in patterns of early fat deposition. It is suggested that the second trimester of gestation is the critical or key period in fat adipogenesis.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1984

Applications of pattern profile analysis to malformations of the head and face.

The craniofacial pattern profile approach to dysmorphogenesis syndromes affecting the head and face combines graphic and numerical measures of pattern variability and pattern comparison. Selected dimensions of the head and face are expressed as Z-scores (standard deviation units) relative to standards for age and sex. As with the metacarpophalangeal pattern profile, this method identifies highly deviant but undiagnosed patterned departures from normal and allows comparison with individuals or groups of individuals with known diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Calcium intake and hypertension.

In the article "The 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" (19 Nov., p. 765), the last full sentence in column 2 on page 765 should have read, "In the 1930's, Raphael Kurzrok and Charles Leib at Columbia University discovered that human seminal plasma contracted uterine smooth muscle." In the first sentence of the last paragraph in column 1 on page 768, "Calloway" should have been "Kellaway."

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1983

Characteristics of the mother and child in teenage pregnancy.

As shown in 11,464 black and white pregnant teenagers and 28,477 older pregnant women, teenage mothers tend to be of small stature and weight, consistent with age and early maturation. The small size of their infants is in proportion to their smaller size and not to their early age at conception. Although the progeny of teenage mothers show a higher incidence of prematurity and diminished birth size, in the extent of fetal loss, low Apgar and Bayley scores, and in the frequency of medical abnormalities, they are not at a disadvantage compared with infants of third-decade mothers of comparable size.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Comparisons of fatness in premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls of the same age.

Triceps and subscapular skinfolds of 2251 premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls from three different surveys were analyzed to ascertain whether there was a critical level of fatness below which menarche did not take place. Though postmenarcheal girls were slightly fatter than premenarcheal girls at each age, by approximately 3 mm, the skinfold distributions overlapped extensively. At skinfolds of 5 mm and below, some girls had attained menarche, and at skinfold thickness of 25 mm and above other girls were still premenarcheal. Neither skinfolds nor calculated percent fat values indicated the existence of a threshold level of fatness that can be termed "critical" with respect to menarche.

Adolescent↗