Pictorial endocrinology and empirical hormonology. The Sir Henry Dale lecture for 1986.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
S Lieberman
Publications and source records attributed to S Lieberman.
Providing occupational therapy in an intensive care unit.
This paper includes information required for establishing and conducting an occupational therapy program in an intensive care unit. Three common problems in the intensive care unit are immobility and prolonged bed rest, sensory deprivation and stress, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. The resolution of these rehabilitation problems through occupational therapy intervention is addressed.
Bed Rest↗
Detection in extracts of bovine brain of lipophilic complexes of sulfate esters of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol.
Evidence indicating that there exist in bovine brains hitherto-unrecognized lipophilic conjugates of sterol sulfates is presented. These conjugates are soluble in nonpolar solvents and, when heated in methanol containing pyridine, yield polar sterol conjugates. These polar substances have the chromatographic mobility of sterol sulfates and are cleaved to free sterols when subjected to a solvolytic process known to be specific for sulfate esters. The brain sterols that have been identified in this way are cholesterol and beta-sitosterol.
Animals↗
Validation study of the New York State Optometric Association (NYSOA) Vision Screening Battery.
The New York State Optometric Association (NYSOA) Vision Screening Battery was administered to 1983 grade school children. Complete visual examinations were performed on 125 children. A consensus method for determining a diagnosis was developed and a double-blind paradigm was used to validate the screening battery. The sensitivity was found to be 71.7% and the specificity to be 65%. When compared to the Snellen test, the NYSOA battery is far more sensitive. The Snellen test is 100% specific but misses 75.5% of the children found to have vision problems when given a complete visual examination.
Child↗
The prevalence of visual disorders in a school for emotionally disturbed children.
Data on the prevalence of visual disorders in special populations as well as in normal populations is sparse. Fifty-five students in a special education school were given a comprehensive screening for pathology, acuity, refractive error, fusion, oculomotor, and perceptual motor skills. This group had a very high prevalence of visual disorders especially perceptual motor, oculomotor and fusion disorders.
Affective Symptoms↗
Identification of 24-hydroxycholesterol in bovine adrenals in both free and esterified forms and in bovine brains as its sulfate ester.
24-Hydroxycholesterol was found to be present in bovine adrenals in a concentration of 2-3 micrograms/kg and in larger amounts (10-12 micrograms/kg) as a saponifiable ester. No solvolyzable sulfate ester was detected. In bovine brains, however, the sulfate ester of this sterol was found in a concentration of 84 micrograms/kg. A procedure for the synthesis of [7-3H] 24S-hydroxycholesterol is described.
Adrenal Glands↗
A heuristic proposal for understanding steroidogenic processes.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Aldosterone↗
Lesson of the week. Life threatening symptoms due to morbid grief.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Solid-phase reagents for the isolation and protection of carbonyl compounds.
Resins which can serve as solid-phase Girard reagents have been prepared. These consist of porous cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene matrices functionalized either with acid hydrazide groups, 1 or with O-alkylhydroxylamine groups, 2. Both resins react rapidly, under acid catalysis, with steroidal ketones and with glucose to form resin bound carbonyl derivatives. The carbonyl compound can be recovered by exchange with acetone under mildly acidic conditions. Resin 2 was used to extract steroidal ketones from an extract of bovine adrenals. By protecting the C-20 ketone group of allopregnanolone, resin 2 was used to prepare the counterpart of the steroid bearing tritium in the 3 alpha-position.
Adrenal Glands↗
Modulation of the kinetics of cholesterol side-chain cleavage by an activator and by an inhibitor isolated from the cytosol of the cortex of bovine adrenals.
Two modulators of sterol side-chain cleavage activity have been detected in the cytosol from the cortex of bovine adrenals. One is an inhibitor of side-chain cleavage which increases the Km of a purified and reconstituted mitochondrial side-chain cleavage system for both cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate. It also lowers the Vmax of cleavage when cholesterol sulfate is the substrate. The other modulator is a low molecular weight protein which in the reconstituted system increases the Vmax of cleavage for both substrates but does not affect the Km of either. Side-chain cleavage activity was also found in bovine adrenocortical cytosol and this appears to differ from that present in mitochondria.
Adrenal Cortex↗
The use of onlays and pin splints as fixed bridge retainers: a conservative approach.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Dental Pins↗
The NYSOA vision screening battery--a total approach.
A vision screening battery has been developed by a project team of the New York Optometric Association. This battery screens those visual skills that are important to the academic task demands. This battery is so organized that it can be utilized without the need of a vision care professional. A pre-pilot study was conducted by the New York State Optometric Association and the New York State Educational Department. This battery was a far more sensitive detector of visual problems related to learning than the Snellen alone. This battery was efficiently and effectively utilized by educators and parents without the need of a vision care professional. The battery and statistical study are discussed.
Child↗
NYSOA K-D test.
An objective indirect method of evaluating saccadic performance is of interest to optometrists and non optometrists. A sample of 1202 children ages six to fourteen were screened using the New York State Optometric Association Vision Screening Battery. The NYSOA K-D Test was part of that battery. The test is quick, easy to score and can be administered by non eye care practitioners. The test is described and normative data is presented.
Adolescent↗
Paradoxical intention in the treatment of chronic anorexia nervosa.
Eight patients with chronic anorexia nervosa were treated by the authors with a paradoxical approach. At follow-up 2-4 years later four of the patients had maintained a normal weight (within 15% of average weight), and only one patient was at a very low weight. The authors found this encouraging but caution that this technique does not address the individual's personality difficulties, for it did not appear to have improved the patients' social and sexual functioning. They believe, however, that paradoxical intention is worthy of further study in treating chronic anorexia nervosa.
Adult↗
The conversion of progesterone into 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, and its fatty acid esters by preparations of bovine corpora lutea.
Homogenates obtained from bovine corpora luteal tissue were found to catalyze the synthesis of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) from progesterone but not from pregnenolone. The major metabolites of progesterone included allopregnanolone, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, and fatty acid esters of allopregnanolone. Incubation with labeled pregnenolone resulted in the formation of pregnenolone esters; however, neither allopregnanolone nor esterified derivatives of it were detected. The esterifying enzyme(s) leading to the formation of allopregnanolone esters was associated primarily with the microsome-enriched subcellular fraction and was stimulated by the addition of ATP and coenzyme A. With these added cofactors, the pH optimum was 6.0-6.5. The rate of steroid ester formation was enhanced by the addition to the homogenate fraction of oleic acid, which was incorporated into the steroid ester fraction. Thus, enzymatic activity, with characteristics similar to either cholesteryl ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13) or acyl cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26), catalyzed the esterification of allopregnanolone. The data suggest that the allopregnanolone esters found in vivo are derived from progesterone rather than from pregnenolone.
5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone↗
Effects of phospholipid and detergent on the substrate specificity of adrenal cytochrome P-450scc. Substrate binding and kinetics of cholesterol side chain oxidation.
Cytochrome P-450scc was isolated from mitochondria of bovine adrenal cortex by hydrophobic chromatography on octyl Sepharose followed by affinity chromatography on cholesterol-7-(thiomethyl)carboxy-3 beta-acetate-Sepharose. The partially purified eluate from the octyl Sepharose resin was free of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase and displayed biphasic binding characteristics for cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, and cholesterol acetate (CA). Chromatography of the octyl Sepharose eluate on CA-Sepharose removed extraneous proteins and resolved the cytochrome P-450scc into two fractions, each of which displayed monophasic binding with all three substrates. These fractions behaved identically with respect to their ability to bind substrates, their kinetic properties, and their rate of migration during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The dissociation constants of the cytochrome P-450scc.substrate complexes are 1.1, 2.6, and 1.3 microM for cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, and cholesterol acetate, respectively. Addition of phospholipids isolated from adrenal cortex mitochondria or adrenodoxin had no effect on the equilibrium binding constants. Addition of Emulgen 913, however, decreased the binding affinities 10-20-fold. Emulgen 913 also inhibited the interaction of adrenodoxin with the cytochrome. An active side chain cleavage system was reconstituted with purified P-450 by addition of saturating amounts of adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH-generating system. The apparent Km values for this reconstituted system of cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, and cholesterol acetate are 1.8, 1.9, and 0.6 microM, respectively. Since the Km values of substrate oxidation are similar to the Kd values of the cytochrome P-450.substrate complexes, it seems likely that the binding of substrates, particularly when the side chain cleavage system is free of mitochondrial membranes, is not rate-limiting. Based on these results and electrophoretic data, it appears that one cytochrome P-450 present in adrenal mitochondria can oxidize cholesterol, its sulfate, and its acetate. This enzyme represented about 60% of the cytochrome P-450 present in the octyl Sepharose eluate. The factors responsible for the biphasic kinetics of oxidation by intact mitochondria and biphasic binding of sterol substrates by partially purified preparations of cytochrome P-450scc are still unknown.
Adrenal Cortex↗