[Serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma infections in swine].
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Acholeplasma↗
Biomedical subjects
S Lange
Publications and source records attributed to S Lange.
[Effect of ketamine hydrochloride-halothane-oxygen anesthesia on respiration, blood gases and acid-base status of the rabbit].
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Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
Diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA): optimal conditions for quantitation of antibodies.
In the diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) the quantitation of antibodies is based on their ability to form a diffusion gradient over an antigen-coated polystyrene surface. The antigen-antibody reaction is then visualized by an enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin. The enzyme-substrate reaction is finally performed by pouring a substrate-containing gel over the polystyrene surface. In this study with bovine serum albumin as antigen and a corresponding rabbit antiserum, the diffusion time of antiserum was shown to be the most critical variable of the method, while the antigen concentration used for coating, the conjugate binding time and the enzyme-substrate reaction time had a minor influence on the quantitation of antibodies. High antibody levels were measured with greater accuracy than low levels, but the standard deviation was below 10%. It was also shown that different sera containing antibodies to Salmonella typhi O LPS, Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 and O4 LPS, Escherichia coli O2 LPS, Yersinia enterocolitica Y3 LPS, cardiolipin and pneumococcus could be quantitated with the same accuracy.
Animals↗
[Automatic determination of cerebral ventricular volume (author's transl)].
A new postprocessing program for cerebral computer tomograms is presented, which analyses CT-scans using algorithms of pattern recognition. Thus ventricular areas are identified on the scans, and the ventricular volume is calculated. The accuracy of the system is assessed by comparing the calculated volume with the anatomically measured volume in cadavers. A good correlation exists with a range of error between 0.35 ml and 2.09 ml.
Cadaver↗
Antitoxic cholera immunity in mice: influence of antigen deposition on antitoxin-containing cells and protective immunity in different parts of the intestine.
The importance of the mode of antigen presentation (intravenous, oral, or enteral restricted to the lower ileum) in the development of a local immune response and immunological memory for such a response in different parts of the intestine was studied in mice. Cholera toxin was used as antigen and the immune response was assayed by determining both the number of specific antitoxin-containing cells in the lamina propria and protection against experimental cholera. The results showed that all of these routes of antigen presentation could induce significant memory along the entire small intestine. In contrast, the actual production of antitoxin-containing cells or protective immune response elicited by booster immunization was restricted to those parts of the intestine that were directly exposed to antigen; i.e., lower ileum boosting resulted in immunity in the distal ileum but not in the proximal jejunum, whereas oral or intravenous boosting gave a response in both jejunum and ileum. Protection correlated closely with the number of antitoxin-containing cells in the lamina propria (correlation coefficient, 0.88); >/=4,000 antitoxin-containing cells per mm(3) conferred solid immunity to cholera toxin-induced diarrhea. The total number of immunoglobulin-containing cells in intestines was not significantly influenced by the specific immunizations. There were four times as many of these cells in the upper jejunum (167,000 cells per mm(3)) as in the lower ileum, but the proportions of immunoglobulin A-containing cells (80 to 85%), immunoglobulin M-containing cells (14 to 20%), and immunoglobulin G-containing cells (0.4 to 0.9%) were similar in various parts of the intestine. The results indicate a differential dependence on local tissue antigen for the intestinal antibody-secreting cells and their memory cell precursors.
Animals↗
Intestinal immune response to cholera toxin: dependence on route and dosage of antigen for priming and boosting.
The influence in immunization with cholera toxin of the route and antigen dose on intestinal antibody formation and protective immunity against experimental cholera was studied in mice. Administration by either the intravenous or oral route induced effective priming as well as boosting of mucosal immunity, with the effects on intestinal immunoglobulin A antitoxin synthesis and protective antitoxic immunity showing excellent concordance. A strong antigen dose dependence was found for both priming and boosting of the local immunity, irrespective of route. Very efficient high-dose priming did, however, partially decrease the dose dependence of the booster response and, conversely, a high booster dose partly overcame the relative inefficiency of low-dose priming. The results suggest that the amount of antigen reaching the immunocompetent cells in the gut rather than the route of administration per se determines the mucosal immunizing effect.
Animals↗
Changes in intestinal fluid transport and immune responses to enterotoxins due to concomitant parasitic infection.
The effect of a parasitic infection on enterotoxic diarrhea and on local and systemic formation of antibody to the toxin after immunization was studied in mice. Trichinella spiralis infection was chosen as the model, since the effects of the parasite when residing in both intestinal and extraintestinal sites can be studied. It was found that during the intestinal stage of the infection, the fluid response to cholera toxin as well as dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine 3',5' -monophosphate was greatly enhanced and that this was associated with a marked reduction in the absorption of fluid from the intestine. Later in the infection (migration stage), fluid accumulation in response to cholera toxin was significantly reduced, whereas absorption was normal and secretion in response to dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate was somewhat increased. Still later in the infection (muscular stage), the fluid-secretory response to cholera toxin was normal. There was a drastic depression of local formation of antitoxin of both immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin classes in mice given the first two of four oral immunizations with cholera toxin during the intestinal stage of T. spiralis infection. When the priming was given before or after the intestinal stage, the local antitoxin response was not affected. The titers of circulating antibodies were also depressed in mice given the first immunizations during the intestinal stage. In addition, significant though less pronounced depression of the serum antibody response was observed in mice primed during the extraintestinal stage.
Animals↗
Comparison of diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with conventional serological methods for detection of class-specific antibodies to Salmonella typhi O antigen.
The diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) is a new and simple method for quantitation of antibodies, based on the ability of antibodies to diffuse from wells in gel and adsorb to antigen which is bound to a polystyrene surface. The antigen-antibody reaction is visualized with a color reaction caused by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated class-specific anti-immunoglobins. This method was used to study the immunoglobulin G, A, and M immune response to Salmonella typhi O antigen in individuals immunized with a monovalent heat-inactivated typhoid vaccine. The antibody values obtained by the DIG-ELISA method correlated with those evaluated by conventional direct agglutination (Widal) and indirect hemagglutination methods. The DIG-ELISA method was also found to be sensitive, specific, and economical, as well as suitable for handling large numbers of sera while requiring very simple equipment.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Effect of the properties of enzyme-antibody conjugates on the quantitation of serum antibodies to Escherichia coli 02 antigen by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa.
Immunoglobulins conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or to alkaline phosphatase (AP) were compared for determinations of antibodies to Escherichia coli 02 antigen using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). AP-IgG conjugates had a higher avidity for their antigen than HRP-IgG conjugates. The avidity of AP-IgG conjugates was higher than that of the native IgG fraction from which it was derived, whereas HRP-IgG conjugates had the same avidity as the native IgG fraction. The Elisa method was more sensitive when performed with AP-IgG conjugates. However, differences in antibody titer between sera from convalescent and acutely ill patients with urinary tract infection caused by E. coli were detected with a higher degree of accuracy with the Elisa-HRP method than with the Elisa-AP method. The differences between Elisa-AP and Elisa-HRP are discussed in relation to the qualities of the conjugates.
Absorption↗
Effect of experimental trichinosis on intestinal secretion and on local antibody formation to cholera toxin.
The life cycle of Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic nematode, has three main stages: intestinal, migration and muscular stage. The present study was initiated to clarify the possible effects of the various stages of the infection on (a) enterotoxin induced intestinal secretion and (b) development of local immunity to cholera toxin. During the intestinal stage of trichinosis in mice challenge of ligated loops with cholera toxin gave rise to significantly greater fluid accumulation than was demonstrated in uninfected animals. In contrast, during migration and early muscular stage the secretory response was markedly reduced whereas in late muscular stage the fluid accumulation was normal. Absorption studies revealed that the intestinal fluid uptake was normal during the migration and muscular stages while it was markedly decreased during the intestinal stage which could probably explain the increased fluid accumulation in response to enterotoxin at this time. The normal absorption during the other stages suggests a true inhibition of the secretory process. To study the antibody response to cholera toxin during the various stages of T. spiralis infection the mice were given repeated peroral immunizations according to a schedule known to induce immunity to experimental cholera in mice. We found that T. spiralis infected mice, in which the immunization started ("priming") during the intestinal stage, had a significantly reduced IgA response in the small intestine. On the other hand T. spiralis infection had much less, if any effect on the IgA response to cholera toxin when immunization started before the infection and only the booster dose was given in the intestinal stage or when both priming and boosting were done after the intestinal stage.
Animals↗
[Quantitative computerized tomographic bone mineral analysis in patients treated by regular haemodialysis (author's transl)].
Quantitative bone measurement has been done on the forearms of 40 patients (aged 20 to 67 years) undergoing long-term haemodialysis treatment. It turned out that trabecular bone shows a more substantial change of the mineralization than does cortical bone. In comparison to an age-correlated undialysed normal range the mean trabecular bone density was found decreased up to 100 percent, whereas cortical bone with a mean demineralization of 10 percent did not appear to be affected by the renal osteodystrophic alterations to that degree. Finally the results show that throughout the course of dialysis treatment there was a trend toward distinct loss of bone mineral with time. No relationship could be demonstrated between the bone mineral values and various biochemical parameters. The estimation of osseous mineral content in both trabecular and cortical bone was done with the aid of an improved computer assisted tomographic method introduced by Rutherford and Pullan.
Adult↗
Nursing care study. Reactive depression: a problem of personality.
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Adjustment Disorders↗
[Computer tomography in non-blastomatous brain diseases].
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Angiography↗
[The kinetics of contrast media in cerebral tumours (author's transl)].
The increase in density of cerebral tumours following intravenous injection of contrast media was measured by computer tomography and was evaluated quantitatively. The density increase of 158 tumours five minute after injection was between 0 and 29 CT units. There are considerable variations in density increase of various types of tumour, but the scatter is so wide as to preclude a diagnosis of tumour type. In 75 tumours repeated measurement of contrast changes were carried out for two hours following the injection. Again the variation differs with different types of tumour, but is not characteristic enough for exact clinical diagnosis. In 26 patients contrast concentrations were measured in the tumour and the blood and a pharmaco-kinetic compartmental analysis was carried out. In some tumours contrast changes can be explained by a single compartment model, whereas in others a two compartment model is necessary. Certain conclusions regarding the mechanism of contrast uptake can be reached.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
Local cholera immunity in mice: intestinal antitoxin-containing cells and their correlation with protective immunity.
Methods for light and electron microscopic identification and characterization of intestinal cholera antitoxin-containing cells (ACC) using peroxidase-labeled immunoreagent are described and used to study the ACC response in mice after immunizations with cholera toxin. Specific ACC appeared in significant numbers after two oral immunizations and increased six- to eightfold with two additional oral boosters, whereas further oral immunizations caused no additional stimulation. Intravenous immunizations had to be repeated seven times before ACC could be detected. After two oral immunizations, most of the ACC were found in the proximal part of the small intestine and no ACC were seen in the colon. This uneven distribution of ACC within the small intestine was eliminated after four oral immunizations, when ACC could also be detected in the colon. The ACC response after four oral immunizations demonstrated a peak at 4 days with far fewer cells present at 2 and 7 days. Electron microscopic studies showed that the ACC were mature plasma cells with the staining localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Regression analysis of the relationship between the number of ACC and the magnitude of protective immunity against intestinal challenge with cholera toxin indicates a highly significant correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001).
Animals↗
Chlorpromazine reverses diarrhea in piglets caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was tested in piglets since CPZ has been shown to be a potent antagonist to enterotoxins in vitro in a cell system and in vivo in a mouse model. Experimental diarrhea was induced in three litters of newborn piglets which were infected by mouth with 2 x 10(9)E. coli bacteria, which produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Treatment with CPZ given intramuscularly 1 h after the onset of diarrhea reversed fluid secretion in small intestine as well as dehydration, as judged by clinical criteria. A dose of 5 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight completely normalized the intestinal-fluid content measured 4 h after diarrhea developed, whereas 1 to 2 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight was somewhat less effective but still caused significant reduction of fluid (P < 0.001). Studies with radioactive [(35)S]CPZ showed preferential and dose-dependent uptake of (35)S in the intestinal mucosa, the radioactivity being evenly distributed in the membranes of both crypt and villus cells. The enzyme adenylate cyclase, which probably mediates the cellular effects of LT, was shown to have two- to threefold higher activity in the infected than in the uninfected animals. This activation was reduced about 50% by the CPZ treatment (2 mg/kg of body weight). In a preliminary field trial the effect of CPZ was tested in a spontaneous outbreak of diarrhea in piglets due to enterotoxinogenic E. coli. The animals were treated either with oral electrolyte solution and standard antimicrobial agents only (controls) or with 1 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight intramuscularly in addition to this treatment. The mean duration of diarrhea in CPZ-treated animals was significantly shorter, 4.1 h (n = 23), than that in controls, 7.2 h (P < 0.05).
Adenylyl Cyclases↗
Studies on the conjugation of horseradish peroxidase to immunoglobulin G via glutaraldehyde.
Horseradish peroxidase was conjugated to immunoglobulin G via glutaraldehyde by a two-step procedure using an increasing excess of peroxidase in the second step reaction. The yield of conjugated monomeric IgG and the amount of free IgG were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and gel-filtration. The antigen binding capacity of the enzyme-antibody conjugates was evaluated by radial immunodiffusion. Conjugation of peroxidase to IgG with a 1:20 molar:molar excess of glutaraldehyde-activated peroxidase resulted in a high yield of conjugated IgG without any detectable amounts of polymers of IgG or residual free IgG. The antigen binding capacity of the conjugate varied between different antigen-antibody systems, but in general it was not significantly different from that of native IgG. The enzyme activity was reduced to 70% of the activity of native peroxidase.
Aldehydes↗