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Biomedical subjects

S L Jones

Publications and source records attributed to S L Jones.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

A sandwich enzyme immunoassay for bovine interferon-gamma and its use for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle.

An in vitro cellular assay for bovine tuberculosis has recently been developed. This assay detects gamma-interferon released in response to specific antigen in a whole blood culture system. The bio-assay previously described for the detection of bovine gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) has now been replaced with a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) which utilises two monoclonal antibodies to bovine IFN-gamma. The EIA detects less than 25pg/ml of recombinant bovine IFN-gamma and is specific for biologically active bovine IFN-gamma; and does not detect bovine alpha or beta interferon. IFN-gamma from sheep, goat and buffalo, but not from pig, deer or man, are also recognised by the EIA. The bovine IFN-gamma EIA when used in conjunction with the whole blood culture system has resulted in a simple, rapid and sensitive in vitro assay for specific cell mediated immune responsiveness to M. bovis infection in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Sodium-lithium countertransport in microalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

A familial predisposition to arterial hypertension has recently been suggested as one important component of the susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease. Sodium-lithium countertransport activity, a marker of risk for essential hypertension, has been found to be increased in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. We have measured red blood cell sodium-lithium counter-transport activity in 36 microalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetic patients, a group at high risk of progression to clinical nephropathy and cardiovascular disease, and compared it with that of a matched group of 36 normoalbuminuric diabetic patients. Sodium-lithium countertransport was higher in the microalbuminuric (0.43 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38-0.47] mmol/l red blood cells [RBC]/hr) than in the normoalbuminuric diabetic patients (0.29 [0.25-0.33] mmol/l RBC/hr, mean difference 0.14 [0.08-0.20]; p less than 0.0001). Microalbuminuric patients had a higher frequency of parental hypertension than normoalbuminuric diabetic patients (56% vs. 28%, p less than 0.05). Sodium-lithium countertransport was related to mean arterial pressure in the microalbuminuric patients (r = 0.54, p less than 0.001) and to daily insulin requirements in both groups (microalbuminuric patients r = 0.39, p less than 0.05; normoalbuminuric patients r = 0.42, p less than 0.01). In a subset of patients in whom lipoproteins were measured, sodium-lithium countertransport activity was related to total and very low density lipoprotein triglycerides (r = 0.41, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.48, p less than 0.05) and to apolipoprotein B (r = 0.56, p less than 0.05), independently of body mass index, albumin excretion rate, glycemic control, and insulin dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Do you feel powerless when a patient refuses medication?

1. Because a client legally has the right to refuse medication, the nurse can only recommend, advise, suggest, or urge the patient to comply. Consequently, it is important to understand the nurse's response to patient refusal of medication. 2. Overall, nurses were more apt to identify with indirect indicators than they were to identify words that address the concept directly (control and powerlessness). 3. The most common hazard identified in a medication refusal event was the potential for injury, and the individuals most at risk were the nurse giving the medication and other personnel on the unit. 4. The most prominent nursing response to medication refusal was counseling. Nearly all the nurse subjects believed that the medication refusal event negatively influenced nursing care, the patient/nurse interaction, and patient teaching.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Immunoglobulin kappa gene expression after stable integration. II. Role of the intronic MAR and enhancer in transgenic mice.

MOPC41 immunoglobulin kappa gene constructs have been stably introduced into the mouse germ line to investigate the effects of deleting the conserved intronic sequences on gene expression. Intact kappa genes containing 1.5 kilobase pairs of upstream and 8.5 kilobase pairs of downstream flanking sequences were highly expressed tissue-specifically, raising the total level of kappa mRNA in spleens severalfold in most transgenic animals. This high expression was often accompanied by marked suppression of endogenous kappa gene activity. Transgenes containing a deletion of the matrix association region (MAR) or both the MAR and enhancer were expressed tissue-specifically at mean levels only 2- and 3-fold lower, respectively, than that of intact transgenes. Therefore, while the intronic enhancer and MAR appear to play a quantitative role in gene expression, these sequences are not absolutely essential for transcriptional activation of rearranged kappa genes in a normal developmental environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Plasma lipid and coagulation factor concentrations in insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria have significant abnormalities in concentrations of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins AI and B, fibrinogen, and clotting factor VII which could result in increased cardiovascular risk. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Outpatient department of a metabolic ward. PATIENTS: Group of 20 insulin dependent diabetics with urinary albumin excretion rates greater than 30 micrograms/min (microalbuminuria) and 20 individually matched insulin dependent diabetics with normal urinary albumin excretion rates (below 30 micrograms/min) matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes. INTERVENTIONS: Fasting venous blood samples were taken for determination of concentrations of glucose, glycated haemoglobin, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins AI and B, fibrinogen, and factor VII. Height, weight, arterial pressure, and usual insulin dose were recorded, and each patient was given a dietary questionnaire to be completed at home. END POINT: Comparison of blood pressure and concentrations of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins AI and B, and fibrinogen in the diabetics with microalbuminuria and the controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients with microalbuminuria had significantly higher concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean 3.33 (SE 0.20) v 2.84 (0.12) mmol/l) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.30 (0.05) v 0.17 (0.03) mmol/l) than controls but significantly lower concentrations of high density lipoprotein 2 subfraction cholesterol (0.32 (0.04) v 0.54 (0.04) mmol/l). Concentrations of total triglyceride (1.11 (0.14) v 0.68 (0.08) mmol/l), very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (0.56 (0.10) v 0.30 (0.05) mmol/l), apolipoprotein B (0.88 (0.06) v 0.67 (0.03) g/l) and fibrinogen (2.2 (0.1) v 1.9 (0.1) g/l), and diastolic arterial pressure (80 (2) v 74 (2) mm Hg), were also higher in patients with microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk factors--namely, disturbances in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations, increased fibrinogen concentration, and increased arterial pressure--are already present in insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria. The increased risk of coronary heart disease in patients with clinical proteinuria may result from prolonged exposure to these risk factors, which are present before any impairment of renal function.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1989

A nursing intervention to increase compliance in otitis media patients.

This study was conducted to evaluate two forms of a clinical nursing intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and designed to increase compliance among 59 otitis media (OM) patients (14 adults and 45 children) visiting an emergency department (ED). Subjects (adult patients or caretakers of child patients) who received an HBM clinical intervention administered by a nurse in the ED, and HBM phone intervention 2 to 4 days after the ED visit, or both interventions were much more likely than control subjects to comply with a follow-up referral appointment. Both the clinical and phone interventions were designed to increase perceived susceptibility to complications of the OM, seriousness of the complications, and benefits and costs of action. Other factors predicting compliance included subjects' unmet needs for child care, perceived seriousness of the OM, and degree of knowledge of the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of OM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Hypertension and microalbuminuria as predictors of diabetic nephropathy.

Renal disease affects approximately 35% of insulin-dependent diabetic patients with a maximal incidence of approximately 25 per 1 000 patient-years after a duration of about 16 years, declining thereafter to less than 7 per 1 000 patient-years after 35 years of diabetes and suggesting that only a particular subset of patients is at risk. The renal disease is characterized by a triad comprising increased albuminuria, arterial pressure and volume fraction of mesangium and leads to a decline in the glomerular filtration rate and ultimately to end stage renal failure or premature cardiovascular mortality. Individuals at risk can be detected before the development of persistent proteinuria by screening for microalbuminuria which has proven predictive of clinical nephropathy in about 80% of cases. Microalbuminuria is accompanied by subclinical increases in arterial blood pressure and plasma lipids and may be associated with increased glomerular filtration rate. It is not usually apparent within the first five years of diagnosis of diabetes. Microalbuminuria thus appears to be a marker for the presence of early renal disease rather than a predictor of susceptibility to it and its many associations indicate it to be a marker of systemic rather than merely renal disease. Recent evidence suggests that diabetic renal disease may be linked to a familial, possibly genetically determined predisposition to arterial hypertension or to some factor closely related to the risk of hypertension. Such a predisposition may help to explain why clinical renal disease occurs in only a subset of diabetic patients.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission from the midbrain, pons and medulla in the rat: activation of descending inhibition by morphine, glutamate and electrical stimulation.

It is generally believed that morphine activates a descending system(s) of inhibition, an effect contributing significantly to the analgesia produced. There has arisen, however, considerable controversy on this point. To address whether morphine inhibits spinal nociceptive transmission when given into the brainstem, the effects of focal electrical stimulation and monosodium S-glutamate (Glu) given in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) and/or the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) on spinal unit responses to noxious heating (50 degrees C) of the skin were examined and compared with effects produced by morphine (Mor). Focal electrical stimulation in 46 sites in the midbrain, dorsolateral pons and ventromedial medulla reliably inhibited unit responses to noxious heating of the skin (mean 34% of control). Microinjections of Glu (50 nmol, 0.5 microliter) were made into 17 sites in the midbrain, 10 sites in the LC/SC and 11 sites in the NRM, inhibiting unit responses to a mean 57% at 22 of the 38 sites of microinjection. Mor (10-20 micrograms, 0.5 microliter) was microinjected into 15 sites in the midbrain, 13 sites in the LC/SC and 11 sites in the NRM, inhibiting unit responses to heat to 63% of control at 24 sites of microinjection. The effects of morphine were shown to be receptor specific by antagonism with naloxone administered either intravenously or into the brainstem at the same site of microinjection as morphine. In 31 sites in the midbrain, dorsolateral pons and ventromedial medulla, microinjections of both Mor and Glu into the same sites attenuated unit responses to heating of the skin to a mean 77% and 71% of control, respectively. The results support the hypothesis that Mor acts supraspinally to modulate spinal nociceptive transmission by activating an endogenous descending inhibitory system(s). Focal electrical stimulation, glutamate and morphine modulated spinal nociceptive transmission by activation of descending inhibitory systems whose cell bodies of origin are in the PAG, the LC/SC or the NRM.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The effect of feeding tall fescue seed infected by Acremonium coenophialum on pregnancy and parturition in female rats.

1. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to various dietary treatments containing: (1) 100% Purina rodent chow, ad libitum; (2) same as 1, but restricted to daily intake of 7; (3) 50% rodent chow (w/w) and 50% endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) seed; (4) same as 3, but restricted to intake of 5; (5) 50% rodent chow, 25% endophyte-free tall fescue seed and 25% endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue seed; (6) 50% rodent chow, 12.5% endophyte-free and 37.5% endophyte-infected tall fescue seed; and (7) 50% rodent chow and 50% endophyte infected tall fescue seed. 2. Average daily feed intakes and average daily weight gains decreased with higher levels of endophyte infected seed. 3. Frequency of litter production was affected by all endophyte-infected containing diets. 4. Conception was reduced only in dietary treatment (7). 5. Litter weights, number of pups per litter and weight per pup were proportionally reduced as higher levels of infected seed were incorporated in the ingested diets.

Acremonium↗
PubMed1988

Health belief model intervention to increase compliance with emergency department patients.

The effects on compliance of clinical and telephone intervention, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), were investigated for 842 Emergency Department (ED) patients. The influence of mediating variables on compliance was also examined. Compliance was defined operationally as follow-through on a recommended referral originating in the ED. The study design was a 2 X 2 X 11 factorial design, in which the first factor was the HBM clinical intervention, the second was the HBM telephone intervention, and the third was the type of presenting problem. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four intervention groups, with all nursing care, interventions, and follow-up telephone calls being done by the research nurse. The HBM clinical, telephone, and combination clinical/telephone interventions were strongly associated with increased compliance in the 11 presenting problems. Availability of child care, knowledge of presenting problem, nature and duration of the illness, and demographic variables (such as age of the patient) were also related to compliance.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1988

Compliance for low-back pain patients in the emergency department. A randomized trial.

A randomized trial was used to evaluate two forms of a Health Belief Model (HBM) intervention aimed at increasing compliance among low-back pain (LBP) patients visiting an Emergency Department (ED). Patients who received an HBM clinical intervention administered in the ED, HBM phone intervention made 1 to 2 days post-ED visit, or both interventions were much more likely than control patients to both schedule and keep a follow-up referral appointment. Both the phone and clinical interventions were designed to increase patients' perceived susceptibility to complications of the LBP, seriousness of the complications, and benefits and costs of action through a follow-up referral appointment. Other factors predicting compliance included persistence of pain symptoms, previous treatment of LBP by a health care provider, and an unmet need for child care.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Association of serum albumin with tear prealbumin in human ocular mucus.

Tear prealbumin previously isolated from the saline-extractable human ocular mucus was further examined for microheterogeneities using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis through development with antiserum to the isolate. The isolate was examined following the final two stages of its chromatographic purification by DEAE ion exchange and Sephadex G-75. The crossed-immunoelectrophoretic pattern of the tear prealbumin isolate, recovered following DEAE ion exchange chromatography, indicated the existence of two types of minor degrees of binding between tear prealbumin and serum albumin. One type appeared to be tightly associated while the other was interpreted as weakly bound, where serum albumin was separable from tear prealbumin in an electric field. The total association of serum albumin with tear prealbumin in this isolate was estimated to be about 3-7%. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the isolate after its final stage of purification on Sephadex G-75 chromatography showed the absence of the weakly bound serum albumin. However, the tight tear prealbumin/serum albumin association remained, estimated to be 1-3%.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗