Changes in hemodynamics of anaphylactic reaction induced by transfused blood during operation.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
S Kurosawa
Publications and source records attributed to S Kurosawa.
Mechanism for the gastrokinetic action of domperidone. In vitro studies in guinea pigs.
To test the hypothesis that domperidone stimulates gastric muscle contraction by antagonizing the inhibitory effects of dopamine on postsynaptic cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus, the effects of dopamine on circular muscle from the body of the guinea pig stomach were examined. Dopamine inhibited circular muscle contraction evoked by electric field stimulation in a dose-related manner. The threshold dose was 10(-6) mol/L and half-maximal inhibition occurred at 10(-5) mol/L. Preincubation of muscle contraction with atropine or tetrodotoxin abolished the contractile response to electric field stimulation, indicating mediation via a cholinergic pathway. The adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and propranolol and the DA1 antagonist SCH 23390 were ineffective in antagonizing the action of dopamine. In contrast, the DA2 antagonist domperidone blocked the inhibitory effect of dopamine on electric field stimulation-mediated contractions. Schild analysis showed a Ki of 3 x 10(-8) mol/L and a slope of unity. In addition, it was shown that dopamine inhibited veratridine-evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine from the gastric myenteric plexus in a dose-related manner (median effective dose, 5.2 x 10(-5) mol/L). Tetrodotoxin abolished [3H]acetylcholine release evoked by veratridine, but hexamethonium had no effect. Domperidone, but not SCH 23390, antagonized the inhibitory action of dopamine. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked the action of dopamine to inhibit evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine. These observations indicate that dopamine inhibits gastric muscle contraction evoked by electric field stimulation by inhibiting cholinergic transmission. This is mediated by DA2 receptors located on the postganglionic cholinergic neurons, and the pathway involves a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. The DA2-receptor antagonist domperidone antagonizes the inhibitory effect of dopamine, resulting in stimulation of gastric muscle contraction. This provides a mechanism for the gastrokinetic effect of domperidone.
Animals↗
[A histological study on the skin and hairs of PC (poor coat) mice].
Light microscopic examinations were done on the skin and hairs of PC (poor coat) mice, maintained as an inbred strain at the National Institute of Health, Japan. The structures of the epidermis, dermis, hair root sheath and the sebaceous glands were normal. Hair bulbs and hair papillae were poorly developed at anagen stage of hair cycle. Having scanty medulla, the hairs were thin and short. The hair cuticle appeared normal. These findings suggest that the defective hair growth in PC mice is caused by deficiencies in cell differentiation and/or proliferation in the hair matrix.
Animals↗
Characterization of receptors mediating the effects of dopamine on gastric smooth muscle.
The effects of dopamine on circular and longitudinal smooth muscle from the body of the guinea pig stomach were examined. In circular muscle, dopamine (10(-6)-10(-3) mol/L) induced contractions that were tetrodotoxin-insensitive with a concentration of half-maximal effect (EC50) of 6.3 x 10(-6) mol/L for dopamine vs. 1.4 x 10(7) mol/L for norepinephrine. The efficacies of dopamine- and norepinephrine-induced contraction were similar. The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine competitively inhibited dopamine-induced circular contractions (Ki = 2.5 x 10(-8) mol/L slope 1.06), whereas the dopamine antagonist haloperidol had no effect. The alpha 1-antagonist prazosin competitively inhibited dopamine-induced contractions (Ki = 1.8 x 10(-8) mol/L, slope 1.03), whereas the alpha 2 antagonist yohimbine was slightly less potent (Ki = 2.2 x 10(-7) mol/L, slope 1.15). In longitudinal muscle, dopamine produced relaxation with an EC50 of 2.9 x 10(-5) mol/L vs. 2.4 x 10(-6) mol/L for norepinephrine. Tetrodotoxin reduced relaxation to dopamine by one third at low doses of dopamine (10(-5)-10(-4) mol/L) and had no effect above 10(-3) mol/L. Phentolamine did not inhibit dopamine-induced relaxation, whereas haloperidol demonstrated potent competitive inhibition (Ki = 5.8 x 10(-7) mol/L, slope 0.90). The selective DA1 antagonist Sch 23390 (Research Biochemicals Inc., Natick, MA) showed competitive antagonism (Ki = 6.3 x 10(-6) mol/L, slope 0.98), whereas the selective DA2 antagonist domperidone had no effect. The effect of Sch 23390 was tetrodotoxin resistant. It is concluded that in the body of the guinea pig stomach, dopamine induces contraction in circular muscle through smooth muscle alpha adrenoceptors, whereas in longitudinal muscle, dopamine induces relaxation through smooth muscle DA1 receptors.
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
[General anesthesia and surgery inhibited natural killer cell cytotoxicity in patients with cancer or benign disease undergoing upper abdominal surgery].
In this study, effect of enflurane anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia on natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) was investigated in 20 patients. Patients were divided into two groups: the first group with adenocarcinoma of stomach (Group 1); the second with cholecystolithiasis (Group 2). Four samples were taken; 1) on arrival at operating room; 2) during anesthesia and 1 hour after skin incision; 3) on 1st postoperative day; and 4) on 4th or 5th postoperative day. NKCC was determined with a chromium release assay against K 562 cell. NKCC was already significantly higher before induction in Group 1 compared with Group 2 and normal value. In Group 1, NKCC decreased significantly compared with baseline during operation, but in group 2 NKCC was unchanged during operation. NKCC in group 2 was inhibited significantly less than Group 1 during 5 postoperative days, while NKCC was significantly inhibited postoperatively in both groups compared with the baseline. We conclude that enflurane anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia and surgery did not decrease NKCC below normal value during operation, but it was significantly inhibited during 5 postoperative days in both groups. There were differences in responses to stress of anesthesia and surgery between patients with and without cancer.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Levels of serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with infections.
To clarify the physiologic roles of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in infectious states in vivo, we examined the serum levels of G-CSF in patients with infection. Serum samples from 24 patients in the acute stage of infection (14 men and 10 women, age 65 to 101, without hematologic disorders), as well as samples from 32 age-matched normal elderly volunteers were investigated. Sixteen of the initial 24 patients were reexamined after the recovery phase. G-CSF levels were examined by quantitative enzyme immunoassay. The G-CSF level in normal elderly controls, 25.3 +/- 19.7 pg/mL, was not different from that reported in other findings. There was no statistically significant relationship between their G-CSF level and peripheral white blood cell count or neutrophilic granulocyte count. The G-CSF level in the acute stage of infection was 731.8 +/- 895.0 pg/mL, with a range of 30 to 3,199 pg/mL. There was no significant difference in G-CSF levels between patients with respiratory tract infection and those with urinary tract infection. In all 16 cases examined, the serum G-CSF level in the acute stage of infection was significantly higher than that after recovery phase, the latter being the same as the level in normal elderly controls. G-CSF must therefore play a significant role in human infectious states in vivo.
Acute Disease↗
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production in spleen cells from BCG-immunized mice: the IFN production is dependent on leukotriene C4 but not dependent on interleukin 2.
In our previous paper, we showed that IFN was induced in sera by injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunized C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In analyzing the phenomenon in vitro, we showed that SEA induced IFN-gamma in the supernatant of the spleen cell culture from BCG immunized B6 mice and that leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from BCG activated macrophages in the spleen was involved in the IFN production from Ly 1+ T cells. On the other hand, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has reported to play an important role in the regulation of synthesis of IFN-gamma by T cells. In the present study, we examined whether IL-2 is involved in SEA-induced IFN production. The result showed that the SEA-induced IFN-gamma production was observed in spite of suppression of SEA-induced IL-2 production in spleen cells from BCG-immunized B6 mice. On the contrary, the depressed IFN production was observed in spite of high SEA-induced IL-2 production in spleen cells from their control mice. On the other hand, LTC4 production was 8 times higher in spleen cells from BCG-immunized B6 mice, high producer of SEA-induced IFN, than in that from BCG-immunized C3H mice, the low producer. We also observed that the IFN and the LTC4 production of spleen cells from BCG-immunized B6 mice was suppressed in the presence of caffeic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, non-specific lipoxygenase inhibitors, and that LTC4 augmented the IFN production of normal B6 mouse spleen cells in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Therefore, involvement of LTC4 rather than of IL-2 was supported in our experimental system.
Animals↗
Regional cholinergic differences between distal and proximal colonic myenteric plexus.
We investigated differences in myogenic and neural response of proximal vs. distal guinea pig colon in longitudinal and circular muscle. Spontaneous phasic contractions were more intense in distal colon in both layers. Phasic contractile frequency was also greater in distal colon in both layers. In both longitudinal and circular muscle, acetylcholine induced greater contractions in distal than in proximal colon (maximal response: longitudinal, 7.00 +/- 1.04 X 10(4) vs. 3.50 +/- 0.49 X 10(4) N/m2; circular, 3.29 +/- 0.82 X 10(4) vs. 8.92 +/- 1.30 X 10(3) N/m2). Compared with proximal colon, electric field stimulation induced greater atropine-sensitive contractions in distal colon in both muscle layers (maximal response: longitudinal, 4.22 +/- 0.53 X 10(4) vs. 7.53 +/- 1.97 X 10(3) N/m2; circular, 2.14 +/- 0.79 X 10(3) vs. -5.28 +/- 2.04 X 10(2) N/m2). In contrast, there were no regional differences in atropine-insensitive relaxations. Veratridine (10(-5) M) stimulated greater [3H]acetylcholine release from distal longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus than from proximal preparations (11.44 +/- 2.03 vs. 5.84 +/- 1.26% of total tissue radioactivity). These data suggest the greater contractile responses in the distal colon are because of enhanced cholinergic response to neural stimuli and increased muscle sensitivity to acetylcholine, whereas there are no differences in the inhibitory responses to neural stimuli.
Acetylcholine↗
Latex piezoelectric immunoassay: detection of agglutination of antibody-bearing latex using a piezoelectric quartz crystal.
A method for immunoassay of CRP (C-reactive protein) was developed using a piezoelectric quartz crystal. Previous immunoassays using a piezoelectric crystal have required the formation of a thin film on the crystal, to which an antibody is affixed. The occurrence of antigen-antibody reaction increases the weight attached to the crystal surface, which causes a reduction in the oscillation frequency. In our method, the frequency reduction was observed using antibody-bearing latex without any film. One possible mechanism of the frequency change is that the crystal acts as a sensing apparatus for viscosity or density change in the solution due to aggregation of latex particles. The detection limit was almost the same as that for latex photometric immunoassay (LPIA). The present method has been designated as latex piezoelectric immunoassay (LPEIA).
Agglutination Tests↗
Oligonucleotidase activity of phosphodiesterase from the fruit body of Flammulina velutipes.
A phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) was purified to homogeneity from the fruit body of Flammulina velutipes. The enzyme had considerable activity toward oligonucleotides. The Km values were 0.66 mM for ApA, 2.47 mM for (Ap)2A, and 3.03 mM for (Ap)3A. The enzyme hydrolyzed oligodeoxyribonucleotides as well as oligoribonucleotides. The oligoribonucleotides bearing a phosphate residue at the 3' end were not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The enzyme hydrolyzed the oligoribonucleotides exonucleolytically from the 3' to 5' end. Thus the PDase of F. velutipes is considered to function in vivo as an oligonucleotidase (EC 3.1.13.3), which efficiently converts oligonucleotides to 5'-mononucleotides in the cell.
Chromatography↗
Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in patients with liver cirrhosis.
The pharmacokinetics of diltiazem (DTZ) was investigated in seven control subjects with normal liver function and in seven patients with liver cirrhosis. After long-term oral administration of diltiazem, 30 or 60 mg thrice daily, serum levels of DTZ and its active metabolites, deacetyl DTZ (DAD) and N-demethyl DTZ (DMD), were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean peak serum concentrations (nmol/L) in control patients were 280 for DTZ, 58 for DAD and 101 for DMD. In cirrhotic patients, the serum DTZ tended to increase and the DAD increased (p less than 0.05), while the DMD decreased (p less than 0.05) compared with that of the control (335 for DTZ, 133 for DAD and 77 for DMD, nmol/L). Pharmacokinetic analysis using a one-compartment model revealed no change in the absorption, but a decrease in the elimination for cirrhotic patients (t 1/2; 5.3 to 7.2 h, p less than 0.1). The elimination rate constant correlated with some biochemical indices for hepatocyte function. These results may be explained by the impaired oxidative metabolism of diltiazem in liver cirrhosis.
Adult↗
[Bond strength of dental luting cements to titanium castings].
This study compared the tensile bond strength of dental luting cements to the titanium castings with gold alloy (Type IV), 12% Au-Ag-Pd alloy and Ni-Cr alloy in dental clinical practice. In this experimental condition, the zinc phosphate cement did not adhere to any dental casting alloy tested. The tensile bond strength of polycarboxylate cement to the titanium castings was 96 kg/cm2, about two times as high as that gold alloy (Type IV). The tensile bond strength of the glass ionomer cement to titanium castings was 32 kg/cm2, about two times as high as that of dental precious alloys. The tensile bond strength of the adhesive resin cement to titanium castings was 220 kg/cm2, about three times as high as that of dental precious alloys.
Dental Alloys↗
[Multiple myeloma superimposed on adult T cell lymphoma].
A 77 year-old male was admitted to the hospital because of lumbago and M-proteinemia. IgA (kappa) monoclonal protein (8,100 mg/dl) was demonstrated in serum, and Bence Jones protein (kappa) in urine samples. The bone marrow examination showed an increased number of pathological plasma cells (34. 5%). Multiple osteolytic lesions were evident on X-ray films. A diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) was made. He had exudative erythematous skin lesions on his back. His serum was positive for antibody to ATLA. A biopsy specimen from the skin lesions showed Pautrier's micro-abscess which were filled with Leu 3a positive T lymphocytes. 159 base pairs of human T cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I)/pX position was identified from a cutaneous sample utilizing the polymerase chain reaction method. Thus, a diagnosis of MM superimposed on adult T cell lymphoma was made. An extensive search failed to find any cases complicated with these two diseases except a report by Tagawa et al. concerning a patient with ATL who developed IgA (kappa) MM during a five year follow up. Therefore, this is the first reported case of MM superimposed on ATL.
Aged↗
[Myelodysplastic syndromes in the aged].
Seventy-five cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in the aged (over 60 years) were analysed for hematological findings, immunological parameters and response to treatment in respect to prognostic significance. They were diagnosed according to the FAB classification, but patients with hypoplastic marrow were included if myelodysplasia was evident. Thirty-four percent of patients with primary acquired refractory anemia (PARA) or primary acquired sideroblastic anemia (PASA), and 36% of patients with RA with excess of blasts (RAEB) had hypoplastic bone marrow. The positive rates of antinuclear antibody in PARA or PASA, and of rheumatoid factor in PARA or PASA and in RAEB were higher than those in normal aged controls. Cellularity of bone marrow was inversely related to the length of survival. Among the patients with PARA or PASA, survival time was significantly longer in the group of hypoplastic bone marrow than in the group of hyper- or normo-plastic bone marrow, and in the group of good responder to treatment than in the group of poor responder and nontreated patients.
Aged↗
Microthrombomodulin. Residues 310-486 from the epidermal growth factor precursor homology domain of thrombomodulin will accelerate protein C activation.
Thrombomodulin is the endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C. Recently, we isolated a 10-kDa thrombin binding fragment, CB3, from the epidermal growth factor precursor homology domain (epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like regions) of thrombomodulin (Kurasawa, S., Stearns, D. J., Jackson, K.W., and Esmon, C.T. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 5993-5996). The CB3 fragment did not, however, support protein C activation. A 29-kDa fragment, called CB23, has now been isolated and corresponds to residues 310-486 in the EGF-like region of thrombomodulin. The CB23 fragment bound thrombin and accelerated thrombin-catalyzed protein C activation. With two separate preparations of CB23, the Km for protein C was 1.6 and 1.9 microM and the Kd for thrombin was 8.9 and 13.2 nM. The carboxyl terminus of CB23 and CB3 was identified by isolation and sequence analysis of a tryptic peptide from CB3. The sequence of this peptide corresponded to Asn457-Ser486, indicating that the carboxyl terminus of these fragments is 6 residues beyond the sixth EGF-like region of thrombomodulin. In addition, although CB3 cannot accelerate protein C activation, CB3 did inhibit the rate of thrombin-catalyzed fibrinopeptide release from fibrinogen. Thus, like native thrombomodulin, CB3 will alter thrombin's substrate specificity, but protein C activation requires additional information all of which can be provided by other regions of the EGF-like domain.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Plasma-polymerized membrane electrode for the determination of dextromethorphan and dimemorfan.
Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) responsive to the antitussives dextromethorphan and dimemorfan were constructed by the fixation of an ion-exchanger, ammonium tetraphenylborate, on a Millipore membrane by means of a plasma-polymerization technique. The electrodes showed a Nernstian response over the range of 10(-5)-10(-2) M dextromethorphan and dimemorphan, and the working pH range was 5-7. The interference from common cations such as Na+, K+ and Ca2+ was negligible but some organic cations interfered weakly. The electrodes were applied successfully for the determination of the drugs in pharmaceutical preparations.
Dextromethorphan↗
[The effect of antileukemic chemotherapy on elderly patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia].
Thirty five elderly patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia were studied to examine the effects of antileukemic chemotherapy according to age group. Complete remissions were obtained in 5 of 10 patients (50%) age 60 to 69 years, in 5 of 14 (36%) age 70 to 79 years, but in 0 of 9 patients over 80 years. Three patients died before chemotherapy. The median survivals of these groups were 337,90 and 76 days, respectively. The median survival of the patients in whom complete remissions were achieved, was 700 days.
Aged↗
The role of complex formation and epidermal growth factor-like domains in the regulation of blood coagulation by the thrombomodulin-protein C system.
The explosive nature of the coagulation cascade led many scientists to investigate how it is regulated. Proteinase inhibitors such as antithrombin III inhibit active proteases of the coagulation cascade. Cofactors such as factor Va and factor VIIIa are proteolytically inactivated by activated protein C. Protein C is activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex on the endothelial cell surface. Thus, the independent actions of the proteinase inhibitor system and the thrombomodulin-protein C system complement each other to maintain regulation of blood coagulation. The thrombin binding site of thrombomodulin was identified to be the fifth and sixth repeats of the epidermal growth factor-like domain. The same binding template contains sufficient information to block the functions of thrombin as a procoagulant. However, additional repeats are required for the activation of protein C. Thrombomodulin is the first example which illustrates that the epidermal growth factor-like domain functions as a binding template for thrombin and as a switch to turn off the procoagulant activity of thrombin as well as to trigger the protein C anticoagulant pathway. Epidermal growth factor-like structures are found in many of the coagulation factors. Complex formation is a repeated theme not only in the blood coagulation cascade but also in the thrombomodulin-protein C anticoagulant pathway.
Blood Coagulation↗