Biomedical subjects

S Kuperman

Publications and source records attributed to S Kuperman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Heritability of event-related brain potentials in families with a history of alcoholism.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) are altered in patients with a variety of psychiatric disorders and may represent quantitative correlates of disease liability that are more amenable to genetic analysis than disease status itself. Estimates of heritability are presented for amplitude and latency of the N1 and P3 components of the ERP measured at 19 scalp locations in response to visual and auditory stimuli for 604 individuals in 100 pedigrees ascertained as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Significant heritabilities were found for visual P3 amplitude in response to all stimuli and for visual P3 latency in response to target and novel, but not non-target, stimuli. Heritability of visual N1 latencies was uniformly low, whereas heritability of visual N1 amplitude was significant for all electrodes in response to the non-target stimuli but only for posterior electrodes in the other two stimulus conditions. Heritabilities for auditory target P3 were similar to those of the visual stimuli, with auditory target P3 amplitudes and latencies both demonstrating significant heritability. For auditory P2 in response to non-target stimuli, peak amplitude was heritable, but latency was not. Auditory N1 amplitude and latency were significantly heritable for both target and non-target conditions and did not demonstrate the anterior/posterior patterning obtained for visual N1 amplitude. This study represents the first systematic assessment of heritability of these potential neurophysiological markers in families with a history of alcoholism and suggests that many of these ERP phenotypes have heritabilities strong enough to justify genomic screening for loci jointly influencing ERP abnormalities and liability to alcoholism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Description of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Problem 1 of Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 consists of data from a family study of the genetics of alcoholism and related traits contributed by the six centers making up the National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism sponsored by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). The family data included 1,214 members of 105 pedigrees ascertained for having three or more individuals affected with alcoholism. Data available to workshop participants included clinical phenotypes, personality measures, smoking behavior, event-related potentials, platelet monamine oxidase B activity, and a genome scan of 296 markers.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of ADHD typology in three contrasting samples: a latent class approach.

OBJECTIVE: To identify subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and characterize them as either categorical or continuous; to investigate familial resemblance for ADHD among sibling pairs; and to test the robustness of all results by using contrasting data sets. METHOD: Latent class analysis was applied to the ADHD symptom profiles obtained from parents or best informant about their offspring in 3 samples: a population-based set of female adolescent twins (724 monozygotic pairs, 594 dizygotic pairs) and male (N = 425) and female (N = 430) child and adolescent offspring ascertained from high-risk alcoholic families. RESULTS: Latent class analysis revealed 2 categories of clinically significant ADHD which were replicated in all 3 study groups: a subtype with high endorsements of ADHD inattention symptoms and a second combined type with high endorsements of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity items. Both appeared to be continuous across all 3 data groups. The high-risk families contained a class in which members heavily endorsed the ADHD "fidget" item but not other ADHD items. A large proportion of the monozygotic sibs (80%) versus a smaller proportion of dizygotic sibs (52%) were assigned to the same latent class. Among the high-risk children and adolescents, 51% of the female and 41% of the male siblings were concordant for class membership. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of latent classes suggested that ADHD consists of an inattentive and a combined subtype, within each of which lies a dimensional domain. These analyses further support that genetic factors are significant determinants of latent class membership.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contributions of familial factors, including parental diagnoses of alcoholism and/or antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), to the risk of developing various child psychiatric diagnoses. METHOD: Four hundred sixty-three children and their biological parents were interviewed with adult and child versions of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. Demographic and psychiatric data were compared across 3 groups of children on the basis of the presence of parental alcoholism and ASPD (no other parental diagnoses were examined). Generalized estimating equations analyses allowed the inclusion of multiple children from each family in the analyses. RESULTS: Among offspring, parental alcoholism was associated with increased risks for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder (CD), and overanxious disorder. Parental alcoholism plus ASPD was associated with increased risk for oppositional defiant disorder. Dysfunctional parenting style was associated with increased risks for CD, alcohol abuse, and marijuana abuse. Low family socioeconomic status was associated with increased risk for CD. CONCLUSIONS: Parental diagnoses of alcoholism and ASPD were associated with increased risks for a variety of childhood psychiatric disorders, and dysfunctional parenting style was associated with the diagnoses of CD, alcohol abuse, and marijuana abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Quantitative trait loci analysis of human event-related brain potentials: P3 voltage.

The P3 event-related brain potential (ERP) is a positive-going voltage change of scalp-recorded electroencephalographic activity that occurs between 300-500 ms after stimulus onset. It is elicited when a stimulus is perceived, memory operations are engaged, and attentional resources are allocated toward its processing. Because this ERP component reflects fundamental cognitive processing, it has found wide utility as an assessment of human mental function in basic and clinical studies. In particular, P3 attributes are heritable and have demonstrated considerable promise as a means to identify individuals at genetic risk for alcoholism. We have conducted a quantitative linkage analysis on a large sample from families with a high density of affected individuals. The analyses suggest that several regions of the human genome contain genetic loci related to the generation of the P3 component of the ERP, which are possible candidate loci underlying the functional organization of human neuroelectric activity.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1998

Amplitude of visual P3 event-related potential as a phenotypic marker for a predisposition to alcoholism: preliminary results from the COGA Project. Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Recent data collected at six identical electrophysiological laboratories from the large national multisite Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism provide evidence for considering the P3 amplitude of the event-related potential as a phenotypic marker for the risk of alcoholism. The distribution of P3 amplitude to target stimuli at the Pz electrode in individuals 16 years of age and over from 163 randomly ascertained control families (n = 687) was compared with those from 219 densely affected alcoholic families (n = 1276) in which three directly interviewed first-degree relatives met both DSM-III-R and Feighner criteria at the definite level for alcohol dependence (stage II). The control sample did not exclude individuals with psychiatric illness or alcoholism to obtain incidence rates of psychiatric disorders similar to those of the general population. P3 amplitude data from control families was converted to Z-scores, and a P3 amplitude beyond 2 SD's below the mean was considered an "abnormal trait." When age- and sex-matched distributions of P3 amplitude were compared, members of densely affected stage II families were more likely to manifest low P3 amplitudes (2 SD below the mean) than members of control families, comparing affected and unaffected offspring, and all individuals; all comparisons of these distributions between groups were significant (p < 0.00001). P3 amplitude means were also significantly lower in stage II family members, compared with control family members for all comparisons, namely probands, affected and unaffected individuals (p < 0.0001), and offspring (p < 0.01). Furthermore, affected individuals from stage II families, but not control families, had significantly lower P3 amplitudes than unaffected individuals (p < 0.001). Affected males from stage II families had significantly lower P3 amplitudes than affected females (p < 0.001). Recent linkage analyses indicate that visual P3 amplitude provides a biological phenotypic marker that has genetic underpinnings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

P300 topography of amplitude/latency correlations.

The correlational association from 19 electrode sites between peak amplitude and latency for the P3(00) event-related brain potential (ERP) for n = 80 homogeneous subjects was assessed using a simple auditory discrimination task. The correlation strength varied systematically across scalp topography in different ways for the various ERP components. For the target stimuli, P3 amplitude and latency were negatively correlated and most tightly coupled over the frontal-central and right medial/lateral recording sites. In contrast, the N1 produced negative correlations that were strongest over the left and right central/lateral locations; P2 demonstrated a positive correlation that was strongest frontally and centrally; N2 demonstrated a positive correlations that was strongest over the central and parietal sites. ERPs from the standard stimuli produced generally similar patterns for the P3 and P2 components, with only weak or no reliable effects observed for the N1 and N2 potentials. Taken together, the findings suggest that analysis of amplitude/latency correlational relationships can provide information about ERP component generation. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Slow brain potentials in a visual-spatial memory task: topographic distribution and inter-laboratory consistency.

Slow brain electrical potentials (SPs) were investigated in a visual-spatialmemory task. Two issues were addressed: (1) the nature and topographic distribution of the potentials obtained under such conditions; and (2) the consistency of the SPs when recorded in six identically configured laboratories. Fifteen young male subjects were studied at each laboratory (total n = 90). The paradigm entailed presentations of paired-visual patterns (S1 and S2), to which subjects responded with a choice reaction time response indicating whether or not the two patterns matched. A biphasic contingent negative variation (CNV) was produced which consisted of an early symmetric component with bilateral foci at posterior temporal sites and a subsequent mid-parietal dominant wave later in the retention interval. Although the CNVs from all laboratories were similar in waveform and in topographic distribution, there were significant inter-laboratory differences in amplitude of the slow potential components. The topographic distributions of the components and the possible role of sampling effects are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Quantitative EEG differences in a nonclinical sample of children with ADHD and undifferentiated ADD.

OBJECTIVE: To use quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques to identify electrophysiological differences between children with distinct disorders of attention and/or hyperactivity. METHOD: Forty children from a prescreened community sample were evaluated by means of both spectral EEG and evoked response potential (ERP) techniques. The children were 7 to 13 years of age and were selected on the basis of membership in one of the following DSM-III-R categories: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 16), undifferentiated attention deficit disorder (UADD) (n = 12), or no disruptive disorder diagnosis (n = 12). RESULTS: Spectral EEG revealed that UADD subjects had less delta band relative percent power (RPP) (p < .01), more beta band RPP (p < .01), and ERP findings of a decreased rare tone P300 amplitude (p < .02) compared with the control group. ADHD subjects had spectral EEG findings of increased beta band RPP (p < .05) and ERP findings of an increased common tone N100 latency (p < .02) and a decreased rare tone P300 amplitude (p < .02). Interhemispheric asymmetries appeared to distinguish the groups: the UADD group had spectral EEG asymmetries; the ADHD group had only ERP asymmetries; and the control group had no asymmetries. CONCLUSION: Quantitative EEG techniques may prove useful in differentiating specific subtypes of ADHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Multi-center N400 ERP consistency using a primed and unprimed word paradigm.

A word priming paradigm involving primed, unprimed, and non-word experimental conditions was used to elicit event-related potentials (ERPs) in normal, young adult males in identically equipped electrophysiology laboratories located in 6 different cities in the USA. Analyses of the average amplitude of a specified latency window containing the N400, the N400 peak amplitude, or the latency of the N400 peak amplitude found no differences among laboratory locations. The shape of the N400 ERP wave form was also found to be highly correlated across laboratory sites for each experimental condition. Comparison of the data with analogous word priming paradigms revealed similar patterns for the N400 components and response times in both the primed and unprimed experimental conditions. These findings suggest that the data from all 6 laboratory locations are consistent with each other and are congruous with those found in other N400 studies and will permit pooling of subject data for future research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: In the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the efficacy of the tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants has been compared with that of both placebo and the stimulants (methylphenidate and/or dextroamphetamine). However, the effectiveness of bupropion has been contrasted only with placebo. The primary aim of this study was to contrast the efficacy of bupropion with that of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. METHOD: A double-blind, crossover design was used in this study. After a 14-day medication washout period, 15 ADHD subjects (7 to 17 years old) were randomized to either methylphenidate or bupropion for 6 weeks, washed out for an additional 2 weeks, and then "crossed over" to the other drug. Methylphenidate was titrated to the maximum effective dose of 0.4 to 1.3 mg/kg per day (mean 0.7 mg/kg per day) and bupropion was titrated to an effective dose ranging from 1.4 to 5.7 mg/kg per day (mean 3.3 mg/kg per day). RESULTS: Both methylphenidate and bupropion produced significantly greater (p < .001) and equivalent improvement on the Iowa-Conners Teacher's Rating Scale according to both the subjects' parents and teachers. The same pattern of improvement was also noted for improvement on the Clinical Global Impression Scale, Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test, Continuous Performance Test, Children's Depression Inventory, Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. CONCLUSIONS: In this double-blind, crossover trial, bupropion and methylphenidate were both effective and did not differ in their overall efficacy as treatments for ADHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

P300 hemispheric amplitude asymmetries from a visual oddball task.

The P3(00) event-related potential (ERP) was elicited in 80 normal, right-handed male subjects using a simple visual discrimination task, with electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded at 19 electrodes. P3 amplitude was larger over the right than over the left hemisphere electrode sites primarily at anteromedial locations (F3/4, C3/4) for target, novel, and standard stimuli. The N1, P2, and N2 components also demonstrated hemispheric asymmetries. The strongest P3 hemispheric asymmetries for all stimuli were observed at anterior locations, suggesting a frontal right hemisphere localization for initial stimulus processing, although target stimuli produced larger P3 amplitudes at parietal locations that did novel stimuli. The relationships of hemispheric asymmetries to anatomical variables, background EEG activity, and neurocognitive factors are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

P300 from an auditory oddball task: inter-laboratory consistency.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from normal subjects for the purpose of evaluating measurement consistency among six laboratories located in different cities within the United States. At each laboratory location 15 male subjects were tested using a simple auditory stimulus discrimination task and identical electrophysiological equipment and recording methods. Assessment of the N1, P2, N2, and P3(00) potentials from both the target and standard stimuli resulted in no reliable differences among laboratories for component amplitudes, latencies, and scalp distributions. Quantitative evaluation of overall waveform and specific component morphology yielded good to excellent agreement across laboratories. The findings suggest that large-scale inter-laboratory human electrophysiological studies are feasible and may prove of value when using ERPs to evaluate cognitive function in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Adult criminality among formerly hospitalized child psychiatric patients.

Among 170 preadolescent children (138 males, 32 females) admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital between 1970 and 1983, 23 males (17%), had adult prison records at follow-up in 1990. Assaultive behavior in childhood predicted adult imprisonment (odds ratio = 4.96, 95% confidence interval 1.8-13.8, p = 0.002), as did criminality in a biological parent (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.3-12.4, p = 0.015). Diagnosis, including conduct disorder, was not correlated with outcome. Among these young children, male gender, violence, and parental criminality identified persons at high risk for adult imprisonment. Psychiatric hospitalization in childhood is a risk for adult disturbance, including sociopathy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Treatment of ADHD with fluoxetine: a preliminary trial.

Nineteen children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride. The drug was administered in an open-label fashion for 6 weeks. At completion of the study, nearly 60% were judged to be at least moderately improved. No effects on appetite or weight were observed, and side effects were minimal. These findings suggest that fluoxetine may prove to be an alternative treatment for some attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Neuroimaging in child and adolescent psychiatry.

Although less well studied in child and adolescent psychiatry than in adult psychiatry, brain imaging has significantly altered psychiatric research and practice. This review focuses on the modalities that are used to image the brain. These include structural imaging techniques of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as functional imaging techniques of computed electroencephalography (CEEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The technologies are reviewed, strengths and weaknesses of modalities discussed, and research progress reported.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Bipolar disorder in a prepubescent child.

Early onset bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a relatively rare psychiatric disturbance in childhood and early adolescence. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the presentation of symptoms suggestive of other psychiatric illnesses. The literature on BAD in children is reviewed with emphasis on the clinical picture, predictive factors, and pharmacotherapy. Illustrations of these points are made through the use of a case report of a boy who first presented with symptoms at age 7.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Forebrain structure in infantile autism.

Researchers implicate central nervous system dysfunction in infantile autism, but postmortem examinations and in vivo brain imaging studies have produced conflicting results concerning the neuronal systems involved. Magnetic resonance imaging--a new modality of in vivo brain imaging--was used to investigate the cerebral and thalamic structure of 105 autistic patients. Compared with the control group, there was an overall difference in the forebrain morphology of the autistic subjects due to subtle but statistically significant differences in the anterior ventricular horns, lateral ventricles, and the right lenticular nucleus. These results, when considered with previous studies of cerebral structure, suggest that there are subtle alterations in the forebrain of autistic patients.

Adolescent↗