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Biomedical subjects

S Kohno

Publications and source records attributed to S Kohno.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

A mechanism of erythromycin treatment in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis.

Recently, "low-dose and long-term" erythromycin treatment has been reported as effective on diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), but its mechanism is still obscure. Patients with DPB were found to have significantly higher percentages of neutrophils in the pre-erythromycin treatment bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than healthy nonsmoking volunteers (p < 0.001). They showed a significant reduction in BALF neutrophil percentages after erythromycin treatment (p < 0.01). The neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) was significantly elevated in BALF obtained from 19 patients with DPB compared with that from healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in the NCA was observed in post-erythromycin treatment BALF of 11 patients with DPB (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the reduction of NCA and neutrophil percentage in pre- and post-erythromycin treatment BALF (r = 0.726, p < 0.05). Finally, we investigated the effect of erythromycin on the intrapulmonary influx of neutrophils by intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in mice. The intrapulmonary influx of neutrophils was significantly suppressed (p < 0.001) in mice intraperitoneally injected with erythromycin at 5 mg per animal 2 h before intratracheal injection of LPS (control group: 6.5 +/- 1.6 x 10(5) versus erythromycin-treated group: 1.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(5)), but not 10 h before lung challenge. This inhibition was observed at 6 h after lung challenge and became maximal with 84% suppression at 24 h. Week-long administration of erythromycin did not alter the intrapulmonary influx of neutrophils. The number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood was not affected by erythromycin, indicating that the drug was not toxic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Elevation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis.

We investigated the serum levels of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens sialyl SSEA-1 (SLX) and sialyl Lewis(a) (CA19-9) in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) and other nonmalignant lung diseases. Both antigens were high in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with DPB, bronchiectasis (BE), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular disease (CVD). Markedly high levels of the antigens were demonstrated in the serum and BALF from patients with DPB. An immunohistochemical study of open-lung biopsy specimens from patients with DPB indicated that these antigens were selectively expressed on the bronchiolar epithelial cells and mucinous exudates in airspaces. Low-dose, long-term erythromycin (EM) treatment was recently reported to be effective for DPB, and we investigated its influence on serum and BALF antigen levels in DPB patients. Antigen levels in both serum and BALF decreased after EM treatment, with improvement of symptoms and laboratory data, and there was a significant correlation between the reduction in the SLX level in serum and neutrophil percentage in BALF pre- and post-EM treatment. Our result suggests that secreted carbohydrate antigens from the bronchiolar epithelium in DPB may appear in the serum as a result of airway damage in the lower respiratory tract, and serum levels of the antigens may be decreased by a reduction in neutrophils in BALF after EM treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Resting tonus of isolated airway smooth muscles].

The regulation of airway caliber is important for supporting the physiological respiratory function and is considered to be mainly controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the present review, we discussed the resting tonus of the isolated airway smooth muscle of the guinea pig and compared it with that of the human; the former is similar to the latter because both are well-developed in the airway and well-responsive to a variety of mediators. The resting tonus of the isolated guinea pig trachea is largely decreased by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, while that of the isolated human bronchus is increased following transient decrease by indomethacin. Furthermore, the human bronchus is markedly decreased by not only a selective peptide leukotriene antagonist, MCI-826, but also 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, AA 861 and cirsiliol. These results indicate that contractile prostanoid(s) and peptide leukotrienes are possible mediators for the maintaining the resting tonus of the respective preparations. Both preparations still have a small but substantial part of the resting tonus resistant to these drugs, the mediator(s) responsible for which is not clarified yet. In short, arachidonate metabolites are major candidates for the resting tonus of either isolated guinea pig or human airway smooth muscle and may contribute to at least a part of the regulation of the airway caliber as autacoids in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Important role of peptide leukotrienes (p-LTs) in the resting tonus of isolated human bronchi.

The quality of the resting tonus in isolated human bronchi was investigated using a peptide leukotriene (p-LT) antagonist, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and others. (E)-2,2-Diethyl-3'-[2-[2-(4-isopropyl)-thiazoyl]ethenyl]succina nilic acid sodium salt (MCI-826), a newly synthesized compound that is a highly selective antagonist to LTD4 and LTE4, markedly relaxed the isolated human bronchi at low concentrations. A selective and competitive arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (AA-861), also potently lowered the tonus. In addition, a large amount of spontaneously formed p-LTs was detected in the isolated human bronchial tissue as well as the lung parenchymal tissue. The isolated human bronchi responded to indomethacin treatment with contractions and the acceleration of p-LT formation. Atropine, an anticholinergic; mepyramine, an antihistaminic; and OKY-046, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, all showed no effect on the resting tonus. Taking into consideration the high responsiveness of the human airway smooth muscle to p-LTs and the present results, which were different from those on isolated guinea pig tracheas, it is strongly suggested that the spontaneously formed p-LTs largely participate in the resting tonus of the majority of isolated human bronchi.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Dimaprit, a histamine H2-agonist, inhibits anaphylactic histamine release from mast cells and the decreased release is restored by thioperamide (H3-antagonist), but not by cimetidine (H2-antagonist).

Whether anaphylactic histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells is influenced by betahistine, a histamine H1-receptor agonist/H3-antagonist, and dimaprit, an H2-agonist, was examined. Treatment with dimaprit at 6 and 60 microM for 20 min significantly inhibited the anaphylactic histamine release, whereas betahistine at up to 80 microM under the same conditions did not affect it. Treatment with dimaprit at 6 and 60 microM for 1 to 20 min and for 5 to 20 min, respectively, caused a time-dependent inhibition of the release, but up to 30 min treatment with 8 and 80 microM betahistine had no effect. The decreased histamine release induced by dimaprit was recovered by neither mepyramine nor cimetidine. However, thioperamide, an H3-selective antagonist, dose-dependently restored the diminished release. From these results, the inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release by dimaprit is not produced by the stimulation of H2-receptors, but involves the stimulation of H3-like receptors or H3-subtype receptors, which are distinct from the H3-receptors located in brain, and suggests that the receptor plays an important role in the negative feedback regulation of histamine release.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1993

Topical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma by antifungals. Relationship between duration of the disease and efficacy of therapy.

Twelve patients with aspergilloma were treated with intracavitary or endobronchial administration of antifungals. Patients with successful therapy had significantly shorter mean duration of the disease course (3.6 months) than the less effective group (44.4 months, p < 0.01). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents against isolated strains of aspergilli were considerably lower than estimated intracavitary concentrations of the antifungals. A pathologic examination suggested that the old mycetoma was for the most part comprised of dead mycelial cells, against which antifungal agents were not effective. However, clinical improvement was obtained, regardless of the roentgenographic improvement. Our study suggested that early diagnosis and therapy are recommended to achieve better therapeutic effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

A clinical comparison between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare infections.

Susceptibility, clinical features, and response to treatment were compared between 29 cases of Mycobacterium avium infection and 43 cases of Mycobacterium intracellulare infection detected in the Nagasaki (Japan) area and identified by a DNA probe method. In vitro susceptibility of two species to antituberculous agents was determined by a microdilution method, and M avium was more resistant to enviomycin at 25 mg/L than M intracellulare, while M intracellulare was more resistant to isoniazid at 5 mg/L and to cycloserine at 20 mg/L. No significant difference was found between infections caused by two species as to background factors, laboratory data, clinical symptoms, and chest radiographic findings at the onset of the disease. Approximately 70 percent of the patients in each group had underlying diseases; among them, pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common. Negative conversion of bacilli during the 6-month treatment was seen in 17 of 29 patients (59 percent) with M avium infection and in 21 of 43 patients (49 percent) with M intracellulare infection. Bacilli-negative conversion was slightly faster in the former than in the latter. However, these differences were statistically not significant. In conclusion, most M avium-intracellulare complex organisms are clearly identified as M avium or M intracellulare by the DNA probe method, and there was no significant difference in clinical features and response to treatment between infections caused by the two species.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Two cases of lung carcinoma with osteoplastic bone metastasis.

Two cases of lung carcinoma with osteoplastic bone metastasis are reported. The bone roentgenogram of a 66-year-old woman with pleuritis carcinomatosa revealed multiple sclerotic changes in the right forearm, lumbar spine, and pelvis. Biopsy at internal fixation of the left humerus revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma with osteoplastic change. In a 77-year-old man with small cell carcinoma of the lung, after chemotherapy, osteoplastic bone changes were detected in roentgenograms. An ivory vertebra formation was seen in L1, L2 and L4, and bone scintigram showed, additionally, uptake in the ilium.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Amphotericin B-induced resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice.

We evaluated the effects of amphotericin B (AmB) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection in mice. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of AmB 24 hours before infection significantly increased the survival rates of mice intraperitoneally infected with either P. aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. To evaluate the mechanism of this AmB-induced resistance to infection, we conducted a number of experiments. Peritoneal macrophages exposed in vitro to AmB showed superior bactericidal activity compared to that of control macrophages. Interleukin-1 production by peritoneal macrophages from mice pretreated with 2 mg/kg of AmB was significantly higher than that in control mice. Serum tumor necrosis factor level after intravenous injection of P. aeruginosa was also higher in mice pretreated with 2 mg/kg of AmB than in control mice. These data indicate that AmB induces resistance to P. aeruginosa in mice. Furthermore AmB-induced activation of peritoneal macrophages and their production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor appeared to play important roles in this phenomenon.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1993

Health problems among Vietnamese refugees resettled in Japan.

A medical examination of 932 Vietnamese refugees was conducted within 1 month of their resettlement in Japan between 1989 and 1991. A variety of abnormalities were detected, including parasitic disease (78% prevalence), anemia (12%), HBsAg positive state (14%), liver dysfunction (10%), hypertension (0.8%), active pulmonary tuberculosis (2%) and syphilis (0.7%). These rates were still as high as the prevalence in previous studies of earlier immigrants from Vietnam. The high frequency of infectious diseases in recent Vietnamese refugees compared with the Japanese community leads to a recommendation for continuing medical examinations and treatment for new Vietnamese refugees.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Pulmonary cryptococcosis treated by combination therapy of fluconazole plus flucytosine].

The efficacy of the combination therapy of fluconazole plus flucytosine against pulmonary cryptococcosis was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents were measured by growth inhibition on Yeast-morphology agar plates, and the fractional inhibitory concentration index of each antifungal combination were calculated by checker-board titration. Eight of Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates showed sensitivity for AMPH, 5-FC, MCZ and ITZ. C. neoformans showed resistance against FLCZ. The combination of FLCZ plus 5-FC showed synergistic effect against C. neoformans. Three cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis were treated by combination therapy of fluconazole plus flucytosine. After treatment, C. neoformans isolates were eradicated and the chest X-ray improved remarkably. The combination therapy of fluconazole plus flucytosine was effective for the treatment of pulmonary cryptococcosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[A case of pulmonary aspergilloma successfully treated with combination therapy of intracavitary injection of amphotericin B and intravenous administration of urinastatin].

A 57-year-old man with pulmonary tuberculosis underwent left upper lobectomy in 1984. In 1987, chest X-ray showed a fungus ball, and Aspergillus species was isolated from sputum. He was treated by intracavitary injection of amphotericin B (AMPH) in June, 1992. However, no change was observed in the chest CT scan after a total dose of 1,000 mg of AMPH. Combination therapy of intravenous administration of 100,000 units of urinastatin and intracavitary injection of AMPH resulted in complete disappearance of the fungus ball on chest CT scan. This report describes case of pulmonary aspergilloma successfully treated with the combination of AMPH and urinastatin.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1993

[Studies of lymphocyte subpopulations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in HTLV-I seropositive patients with uveitis].

To determine whether HTLV-I infection is associated with uveitis, we investigated the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells in 23 patients with uveitis. Of these, sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 13 patients, but could not be confirmed in the remaining 10 patients (non-sarcoidosis). Three of 13 patients (23.1%) with sarcoidosis and 7 of 10 non-sarcoidosis patients (70.0%) were HTLV-I seropositive. In BALF, no significant differences were observed between the HTLV-I seropositive and seronegative patients. However, in non-sarcoidosis patients, total cell counts, CD3+ and CD+ HLA-DR+ cells in BALF were significantly higher in seropositive patients than in seronegative patients. CD3+ CD25+ cells in BALF were markedly increased in 3 of 7 non-sarcoidosis seronegative patients. These findings indicated that BALF lymphocytes in HTLV-I seropositive non-sarcoidosis patients were more activated than those in seronegative non-sarcoidosis patients, supporting the hypothesis that HTLV-I infection may be associated with uveitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Inhibitory effects of AA-2414, a thromboxane (Tx) A2 receptor antagonist, on U-46619-, prostaglandin (PG) D2- and 9 alpha, 11 beta PGF2-induced contractions of guinea pig tracheas and isolated human bronchi].

The effects of a novel TXA2 receptor antagonist, AA-2414 [(+-)-7-(3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone-2-yl)-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid], on U-46619-, PGD2- and 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 alpha-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig tracheas and human bronchi were investigated. AA-2414 competitively inhibited the contractile responses of both human and guinea pig preparations induced by U-46619 with similar pA2 values (7.7 and 7.6, respectively). In addition, the compound also inhibited the contractions of both preparations caused by PGD2 and 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 alpha, the IC50 values of which were 1.2 x 10(-7) and 1.8 x 10(-7) M in guinea pig tracheas and 2.8 x 10(-8) and 8.5 x 10(-8) M in human bronchi. These results suggest that AA-2414 may be a therapeutically useful drug for bronchial asthma.

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗
PubMed1993

[Intracavernous injection of lipo prostaglandin E1 for the diagnosis of impotence: a comparative study with prostaglandin E1-CD].

Intracavernous injection of 20 micrograms prostaglandin E1-CD (PGE1-CD, 8 cases), 5 micrograms lipo prostaglandin E1 (Lipo PG-E1, 8 cases) or 10 micrograms Lipo PGE1 (9 cases) was performed in patients with functional impotence in order to comparatively analyze the diagnostic efficacy of these drugs. Full erection was observed in all patients who received intracavernous injection of 20 micrograms PGE1-CD or 10 micrograms Lipo PGE1. However, full erection was observed in 4 out of 8 patients administered 5 micrograms Lipo PGE1. RigiScan was used on all patients, and latency until erection (achievement of maximum rigidity of the base) after injection, maximum rigidity of the penile tip and base and circumferential expansion rate of the penile tip and base were measured. With regard to these RigiScan data and duration of erection, there were no significant differences among the 3 groups. There were no severe side effects in any of the patients. These findings indicate that 10 micrograms Lipo PGE1 and 20 micrograms PGE1-CD have similar effects and that Lipo PGE1 may be an effective drug for the diagnosis and treatment of impotence.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Incidence of fungal isolation in clinical specimens from the respiratory tract].

The incidence of fungal isolation in 711 clinical specimens from the respiratory tract was investigated in 159 patients with pulmonary diseases. Fungi were isolated from 14/19 pharynx swab samples, 246/342 sputum samples, 34/147 bronchial aspirate samples, 18/97 bronchial lavage samples, 4/17 transbronchial lung biopsy samples, and 5/60 plugged catheter brush samples. Contamination by fungi in normal flora was prevented by using an aseptic procedure for sampling specimens from the respiratory tract. The isolation rate of Candida spp. from sputum was 70.0% (C. albicans: 151 strains, C. glabrata: 43 strains, C. tropicalis: 25 strains, C. lusitaniae: 4 strains, C. krusei: 3 strains, C. guilliermondii: 3 strains and C. paraspilosis: 1 strain). The isolation rates of C. neoformans and A. fumigatus from sputum were 6.4% and 8.8%, respectively. Isolated fungi from bronchial aspirate included 12 strains of C. albicans, 6 strains of C. tropicalis, 5 strains of A. fumigatus and 2 strains of C. neoformans. Isolated fungi from bronchial aspirate revealed 6 strains of C. albicans, 2 strains of C. glabrata, 1 strain of C. neoformans and 6 strains of A. fumigatus. The isolation rates of fungi from sputum obtained from patients with pulmonary aspergilloma and cryptococcosis were 66.5% and 50.0%, respectively. The isolation rate of fungi from sputum of patients with underlying diseases was higher than that of patients with no underlying disease.

Adolescent↗