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Biomedical subjects

S Kohno

Publications and source records attributed to S Kohno.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effect of intrarectal prostaglandin E2 analogue (enprostil) on trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats.

Prostaglandins exert a protective effect on colonic mucosa in experimentally induced colitis. This study investigated the effect of enprostil, a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analogue, on trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Each rat received a rectal enema containing TNBS (30 mg), followed 24 h later by intrarectal once-daily enprostil (200 microg). Enprostil-treated and control rats were killed on day 3 (enprostil group, n = 5; control, n = 6) or day 10 (enprostil group, n = 5; control, n = 5) after TNBS treatment. The area of damaged mucosa of the colon was measured relative to the total colonic area. We also determined the macroscopic score of mucosal damage, and measured PGE2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration in portal vein blood samples. Enprostil significantly reduced both the area of damaged mucosa (including the ulcer area) and the macroscopic score after 3 days' treatment compared with control. Similarly, enprostil significantly reduced plasma concentration of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1alpha and TXB2 during the acute phase at day 3 of treatment compared with control, but not at day 10. These results suggest that PGE2 enema may have therapeutic potential for treating patients with proctitis or left-sided colitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Interleukin 5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in interstitial lung disease.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of several eosinophil growth factors including interleukin (IL)-5, interleukin (IL)-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease with eosinophilia. IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia (EP), bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), sarcoidosis and healthy volunteers. IL-5 in BALF was high only in patients with EP. IL-3 in BALF was undetectable in the majority of patients with these diseases. GM-CSF in BALF was detectable in 30-67% of each group of patients. In patients with BOOP and IPF, the number of eosinophils in BALF was higher in patients with detectable GM-CSF than in patients in whom GM-CSF was below the detection limit. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was detected in all patients with EP and some with BOOP and IPF. There was a significant correlation between ECP levels and percentage or number of eosinophils in BALF. The results suggest the possibility that interleukin 5 in eosinophilic pneumonia, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may play important roles in eosinophil recruitment in the lung. Activation of eosinophils in the lung is likely to be induced by both interleukin 5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reproducible biphasic cutaneous edema induced by topical and repeated application of antigen in sensitized mice.

An allergic dermatitis model was developed by repeated sensitization and challenge with antigen (ovalbumin, OA) over 7 months in mice. ddY mice were sensitized by i.p. injection of OA adsorbed on Al(OH)3 (1 microg OA/2 mg Al(OH)3/animal) once every 3 weeks. Antigen challenge was conducted by injection of OA solution (0.1, 1 and 10 microg/site) into the skin of the hind paw instep 10 d after the respective sensitizations. At the 1st challenge, all the 3 groups showed an immediate edematous response with the peak at 30 min or 1 h after the challenge. The group challenged with the highest dose (10 microg/site) of the antigen developed a clear late-phase edema, which was observed at the 2nd challenge, increasing until the 3rd challenge, reaching a plateau at further challenges. On the other hand, such late phase edema scarcely developed in the group challenged with the lowest dose (0.1 microg/site) of the antigen. The amount of circulating specific IgE antibody increased following repeated sensitizations and challenges in all groups, but there were no significant differences in the levels among them. Mepyramine suppressed the early edema by approximately 50%, yet the late phase edema was unaffected. In conclusion, using Al(OH)3+antigen for sensitization and an appropriate amount of antigen for challenge, reproducible biphasic edematous responses were observed long-term without desensitization. This model may be classified as an acute allergic dermatitis and can be useful for quantitatively evaluating the effects of anti-allergic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolites from guinea pig eosinophils and macrophages.

To investigate the cellular sources of arachidonate metabolites during asthma, in vitro productions of thromboxane (TX) B2, prostaglandin (PG) D2, leukotriene (LT) B4 and cysteinyl (Cys) LTs from guinea pig eosinophils and macrophages simultaneously stimulated with the Ca ionophore A23187 were investigated. Eosinophils produced high levels of LTB4 and TXB2 and relatively low levels of CysLTs and PGD2. Although macrophages released abundant TXB2 and a little PGD2, 5-lipoxygenase metabolites were below detectable levels. In conclusion, eosinophils produced both cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase metabolites, while arachidonate metabolism in the macrophages was almost completely inclined toward the cyclooxygenase pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Elevated levels of soluble adhesion molecules in sera and BAL fluid of individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: T-lymphocytic alveolitis and increased levels of interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (CD25)-bearing T cells in the BAL fluid (BALF) of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers have been reported. Several chemokines and adhesion molecules may contribute to the accumulation of T lymphocytes in the lungs of HTLV-1 carriers. To clarify the correlation between adhesion molecules and HTLV-1-associated pulmonary disorders, we compared the distribution of T-lymphocyte subsets and soluble adhesion molecules, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), in BALF and peripheral blood, between HTLV-1 carriers and noninfected healthy subjects. DESIGN: Flow cytometric analysis with monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface antigens was used to identify T-lymphocyte subsets in BALF samples from HTLV-1 carriers (n = 13) and noninfected healthy control subjects (n = 10). The levels of various soluble adhesion molecules in serum and in BALF were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Higher percentages of CD3+ cells, CD3-expressing human leukocyte antigen-DR antigen, and CD3+CD25+ cells were detected in the BALF of HTLV-1 carriers than in that of noninfected control subjects. The concentrations of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sL-selectin, SE- selectin, and sP-selectin in the sera of patients were significantly higher than those in noninfected healthy control subjects. The concentration of sICAM-1 in the BALF of patients was significantly higher than that in noninfected healthy control subjects, and the concentration of sICAM-1 correlated well with the percentage of CD3+CD25+ cells. CONCLUSION: The concentrations of adhesion molecules in the sera of and sICAM-1 in the BALF of HTLV-1 carriers were significantly higher than those in noninfected individuals, and the concentration of sICAM-1 correlated well with the percentage of CD3+CD25+ cells in BALF. Our results suggest a possible interaction between activated T cells bearing CD25 and soluble adhesion molecules, especially sICAM-1, which may contribute to the pulmonary involvement in HTLV-1 carriers.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Re-analysis of clinical features of 89 patients with autoimmune hepatitis using the revised scoring system proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic criteria of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were recently modified by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. This study was performed to assess the impact of the revised scoring system on the diagnosis of AIH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We re-analyzed the clinical features of 89 patients diagnosed as AIH in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, using the revised scoring system, and compared the scores and final diagnosis with our previously published results using the original system. RESULTS: Of the 89 patients with AIH, 40 (45%) were classified using the new system as "definite" AIH, 41 (46%) as "probable" AIH, and 8 (9%) patients were categorized as "others". Of these, 37 (42%), 35 (39%), and 4 (4%) patients who were classified as "definite", "probable", and "others" by the original system remained in the same category by the revised system, respectively. However, 3, 4, and 6 patients were re-categorized as "definite" from "probable", "others" from "probable", and "probable" from "definite", respectively. The difference in aggregate scores between the above two systems ranged from -5 to +2. The main contributing factors to the changes in aggregate AIH score were "other autoimmune disease(s)" and "interface hepatitis without lobular involvement and bridging necrosis on liver histology". However, the main contributing factors to the demotions from "definite" to "probable" and form "probable" to "others" were those related to the characteristics of biliary diseases, i.e., antimitochondrial antibody positive, biliary changes in liver histology, and alkaline phosphatase: aspartate aminotransferase ratio between 1.5 and 3.0. Moreover, two patients who had no histological evidence of AIH were both re-categorized as "others" from "probable" AIH. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the diagnosis, whether based on the revised or original system, was the same in the majority of AIH patients, but the revised scoring system excluded cases who had features suggestive of biliary diseases from "definite" AIH, and also confirmed that a diagnosis of "definite" AIH should not be made without liver histology.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from blood samples of a patient with pulmonary aspergilloma after embolization.

Aspergillus DNA was detected by PCR in the serum sample of a 78-year-old man and galactomannan antigen of Aspergillus by sandwich ELISA was found. However, the infiltrative hyphae were not detected by the histopathologic examination of the lung. He developed hemoptysis, which required embolization of bronchial arteries. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from blood samples after embolization by the lysis centrifugation method. To our knowledge, this is probably the first case in which Aspergillus spp. has been isolated from the systemic circulatory blood in a patient with pulmonary aspergilloma after embolization.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Clinical evaluation of 61 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 61 cases with pulmonary aspergilloma representing patients admitted to Nagasaki University Hospital between January 1991 to June 1998. RESULTS: Fifty-two (85%) were males and 9 (15%) were females, aged between 14 to 80 years (average, 65 years). Forty-four (72%) patients had history of old pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest radiographs showed "fungus ball" in the cavities in 42 (67%) cases while 16 (26%) cases showed thickening of the cavity wall. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in 24 (39%) patients. Aspergillus antigen or antibody was positive in 8 (13%) and 43 (70%) patients, respectively. Oral itraconazole was used in 16 (26%) of patients, and surgical excision was performed in 15 (25%) patients. During hospitalization or after discharge, 19 (31 %) patients died. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Pulmonary aspergilloma usually occurs in elderly patients with old tuberculosis and respiratory failure. Many cases did not respond to antifungal therapy with itraconazole or amphotericin B. Our analysis indicates that more effective and appropriate therapeutic regimens are needed for the treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Pulmonary mycobacteriosis caused by rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium szulgai.

We describe a rare case of pulmonary mycobacteriosis infected with rifampicin (RFP)-resistant Mycobacterium szulgai that was successfully eradicated with clarithromycin (CAM) treatment. An 80-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a 4-week history of high fever, productive cough and malaise. Chest roentgenogram showed an infiltrative shadow in the left lower lung field. Isolated bacteria from sputum were acid-fast bacilli and identified as M. szulgai by the DNA-DNA hybridization method. Drug susceptibility tests showed resistance to RFP (MIC>100 microg/ml). Combined treatment with ethionamide, streptomycin and isoniazid based on the results of drug susceptibility tests resulted in clinical and radiologic improvement within two years. Additional treatment with CAM for another year resulted in complete eradication of the mycobacterium.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Type II diabetes mellitus and primary Sjögren's syndrome complicated by pleural effusion.

A 73-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of pleural effusion and nephrotic syndrome. Sjogren's syndrome (Sjs) was diagnosed based on a positive test for antibodies to Ro and La, and the result of labial salivary gland biopsy. The pleural effusion showed a high number of lymphocytes and high titers of antibodies to Ro and La. By immunohistochemistry, it was determined that infiltrating CD3+ cells predominated over infiltrating CD20+ cells in the pleura. Nephrotic syndrome was also present, which, as confirmed by renal biopsy was due to advanced diabetic nephropathy. Here, we report a case of Type II diabetes mellitus and primary Sjs complicated by pleural effusion, discuss the available treatment for pleural effusion.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms in a patient treated for miliary tuberculosis.

A 70-year-old woman with fever was admitted to our hospital. She was diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis and treated with antituberculous drugs. After seven weeks of therapy, she developed a sudden sharp upper abdominal pain and shock. Angiography of the celiac artery showed two hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms with extravasation. The hemorrhage was successfully stopped by microcoil embolization. The clinical course suggested that miliary tuberculosis had caused the pseudoaneurysms. Although aneurysms rarely occur as a complication of miliary tuberculosis, they should be diagnosed as early as possible because of the high rate of rupture and associated high mortality rate.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients].

The number of immunocompromised patients is increasing due to the intensive therapy being administered those with cancer, organ transplant, and HIV infection. Fungal infections are one of the important opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is difficult, and the prognosis of these patinas is usually poor. Several methods of diagnosis for fungal infections have been developed: detection of antigens of the infected fungi from the sera is useful for early diagnosis; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology may be the most valuable method for the diagnosis of fungal infection in immunocompromised patients, and antifungal agents are the drugs used to the fungal infections in those patients. However, there are only five drugs available to fungal infections in Japan. Although amphotericin B is the recommended first choice for treatment of invasive aspergillosis, its use for immunocompromised patients is limited because of its adverse effects. Novel antifungal agents (azoles, amphotericin B drug deliver system, and 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthetase inhibitors) have been developed and some of these compounds undergoing clinical trials.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Short report: possible Cryptosporidium muris infection in humans.

Oocysts of cryptosporidia whose morphology resembled that of Cryptosporidium muris were found in the stool of 2 healthy girls in Surabaya, Indonesia. The oocysts were predominantly oval and measured 7.75+/-0.17 x 5.55+/-0.13 microm (mean+/-SD). The number of oocysts excreted were more than 10(5) per gram of stool. The oocysts were well stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody to Cryptosporidium. The specimens from both girls containing the oocysts showed a positive result by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for the genus Cryptosporidium, but a negative result by the PCR using primers specific for C. parvum. The 2 girls passed oocysts for 5 and 6 days, respectively. They did not complain of any symptoms during the passage of oocysts.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cardiac function in dialysis patients evaluated by Doppler echocardiography and its relation to intradialytic hypotension: a new index combining systolic and diastolic function.

AIM, PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cardiac function of 40 patients on maintenance dialysis was examined using a new Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic function. Immediately before dialysis, ultrasonic pulsed Doppler was used to measure right and left ventricular inflow and outflow waveforms. The sum of the isovolumetric contraction time (ICT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT) was calculated by subtracting the ejection time from the interval between the end of an inflow waveform and the start of the next inflow waveform. The new index was obtained by dividing the sum of the two isovolumetric times by the ejection time. Cardiac function was evaluated in dialysis patients and healthy controls using new indices of the right and left heart systems. RESULT: Indices of the right and left heart systems in dialysis patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. With respect to hypotension during dialysis, patients were divided into two groups, a group with decreased blood pressure (group A: 27 patients) and a group with normal blood pressure (group B: 13 patients). Only the left heart system index in group A was significantly higher. There were no significant differences in other M-mode Doppler indices between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The new index was a more sensitive evaluator of cardiac function and predictor of hypotension during dialysis compared to standard echocardiographic indices.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Ineffective and recurrent cases of thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis and intractable pain].

We reported the cases of thoracoscopic sympathectomy, that is, six cases of hyperhidrosis, three of post herpetic neuralgia, and four of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, including recurrent or incompletely resected or ineffective ones. Recently this procedure for hyperhidrosis had been performed frequently because of its effectiveness, less pain, early discharge and cosmetic aspect. For an ineffective case of hyperhidrosis abdominal respiration which emphasized the exhalation and using an upper abdomen decreased the sweating. The balance of autonomic nerve system, toward parasympathetic dominant, was thought to be improved by conscious respiration. The decrease of sweating right after the operation in a case of incomplete resection indicated that intraoperative maneuver could restrict the sympathetic nerve. This procedure for a pain control could be less effective than that for hyperhidrosis, so an adequate preoperative informed consent was thought to be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Two cases of multiple primary cancer involving the lung with old pulmonary tuberculosis].

We reported 2 relatively rare cases of multiple primary cancer including lung cancer accompanied by old pulmonary tuberculosis. Patient 1 was a 62-year-old man admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of an infiltrative shadow on chest X-ray films, and a cervical tumor noted 10 years earlier and thought to be thyroid cancer. A Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) specimen disclosed poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. A right upper lobectomy and thyroidectomy were performed. Histopathologic findings showed a neoplastic lesion adjacent to caseous necrosis with formation of granuloma consistent with tuberculosis. Also, the cervical tumor was considered to be a metastatic lymph node from thyroid papillary carcinoma. Patient 2 was a 73-year-old man with a 14-year history of treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder, who had been admitted to our hospital for further evaluation because of a nodular shadow observed on chest X-ray films. TBLB specimens disclosed adenocarcinoma. A right upper lobectomy was performed. Histopathologic findings revealed a neoplastic tumorlet in the same lobe. No detectable increases in serum TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta or IFN-gamma were observed in either patient. Phytohemagglutinin- and concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation decreased in Patient 1. These findings suggested that the immunocompromised status of patients with cancer in addition to old pulmonary tuberculosis may contribute to the development of lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1998). I. Susceptibility distribution].

The frequencies of bacterial isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 538 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during the period of June 1998 to May 1999. Of the above bacterial isolates, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 30.3% and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 69.7%. Susceptibilities of several isolated bacteria to antimicrobial agents were as follows; against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients with UTIs, vancomycin (VCM), ampicillin (ABPC) and imipenem (IPM) had strong activities. Among E. faecalis strains, those with low susceptibilities to all drugs have increased in 1998, compared with those in 1997. VCM showed the highest activity against MRSA isolated from patients with UTIs. The MICs of VCM for all 34 strains were equal to or lower than 2 micrograms/ml. Arbekacin (ABK) was also active against MRSA with the MIC90s of 2 micrograms/ml. Against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, all drugs except penicillins were active. Particularly, meropenem (MEPM) showed the highest activity with the MICs of 0.125 micrograms/ml or below. Almost all the drugs except minocycline (MINO) showed high activities against Proteus mirabilis. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all drugs were not so active, with the MIC90s of 16 micrograms/ml or above. MEPM, IPM and gentamicin (GM) showed high activities against Serratia marcescens. Generally, it seemed that resistant strains of S. marcescens had decreased since 1996.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗