Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

S Kohl

Publications and source records attributed to S Kohl.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Rotavirus in travelers' diarrhea: study of an adult student population in Mexico.

The role of rotavirus in adult diarrhea was evaluated in 165 students attending a Mexican university. Students were divided into three groups: newly arrived summer students from the United Sttes, regular students from the United States, and Mexican and Venezuelan students. Ninety-one students with diarrhea and 74 corresponding, matched, asymptomatic control students were included in the study. The frequency of rotavirus in stools was determined by electron microscopy with use of the pseudoreplica technique. Twenty-five percent of those who were ill and 12% of the controls had rotavirus in their stools. A significantly (P less than 0.05) greater number of newly arrived United States summer students with diarrhea had rotavirus in their stool than did matched controls (26% vs. 3%). There was no significant difference in rate of recovery of bacterial pathogens from rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative stools (52% vs. 53%) from students with diarrhea. Although significantly more rotavirus was identified from ill American summer students than from controls, the role of rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea in these students could not be established in all cases since bacterial pathogens were also commonly found in stool.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1978

Clinical pharmacology of tobramycin in children.

The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients (two to 18 years of age) with malignancies and normal renal function. Patients receiving either 240 or 300 mg/m2 per 24 hr (8 or 10 mg/kg per 24 hr) divided into doses given every 4 hr had peak serum concentrations (mean +/- standard error) of 3.10 +/- 0.23 microgram/ml and 4.23 +/- 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively, at the end of a 1-hr infusion. Serum concentrations at 4 hr were 0.82 +/- 0.15 and 1.05 +/- 0.15 microgram/ml, respectively. The half-life of the drug was 96.6 min and was inversely correlated with age of the patients. The total clearance rate of tobramycin was 164 +/- 15 mg/min per 1.73 m2 and was directly correlated with age. The mean volume of distribution was 0.42 +/- 0.038 liter/kg and was inversely correlated with age. No accumulation of tobramycin was noted, and no side effects occurred. If therapeutic serum concentrations of tobramycin are to be achieved and maintained in children, the currently recommended dose and frequency of administration should be changed to 300 mg/m2 per 24 hr given in divided doses every 4 hr.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Erroneous diagnosis of meningitis due to false-positive gram stains.

During a two-month period, 6% of Gram stains of predominantly CSF specimens revealed gram-negative bacilli with no growth. The source of the false-positive Gram stain results was an alcohol storage bath from which slides were taken and flamed to remove residual alcohol. All 11 patients in the outbreak had further diagnostic tests or changes in therapy. In the laboratory, false-positive slides could be created by contaminating a slide bath with 10(5) bacilli/ml, flame drying, and staining. In addition, contaminated crystal violet caused a false-positive result when applied to a warm but not to a cool slide. To prevent false-positive Gram stain results, the storage of slides in alcohol baths should be abandoned, slides should not be flamed to remove alcohol, and specimens should be Gram-stained only when the heat-fixed slide has thoroughly cooled.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1978

Vertebral osteomyelitis in children: report of four cases.

Four children had vertebral osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Abdominal signs and fever were frequent clinical manifestations. Back pain was an uncommon symptom except as a late manifestation in one patient. The portal of entry of the organism generally was not apparent. Location of infection was in the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Diagnosis was based on roentgenographic changes, radionuclide imaging, and bacteriologic corroboration. We conclude that symptoms and signs of vertebral osteomyelitis in children can be atypical and that a diligent attempt to rapidly diagnose and promptly treat this condition will prevent orthopedic and neurologic sequelae.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Human colostral cytotoxicity: I. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against Herpes simplex viral-infected cells mediated by colostral cells.

Human colostral cells in combination with antibody were able to destroy Herpes simplex virus-infected cells (Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity--ADCC) while demonstrating very low spontaneous (non-antibody mediated) cytotoxicity (SCT). The colostral cells involved in ADCC required a high effector to target ratio, were mononuclear, adherent and totally inhibited by latex particles. These results demonstrate that a subpopulation of human colostral macrophages can mediate ADCC against virus-infected target cells. The biologic implications of intact colostral cell ADCC and low SCT in regard to protecting the neonate from infection and maternal cell mediated gastrointestinal damage are discussed.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1977

Recent advances in antimicrobial therapy.

Metronidazole is a relatively nontoxic, oral agent which may prove to be useful in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms. Use of metronidazole to treat anaerobic infections presently is investigational.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1977

Human monocyte-macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells.

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against herpes simplex virus- (HSV) infected target cells consist of both adherent (MA) and nonadherent (MNA) effector cell populations. These two cell populations can be distinguished by their different phagocytic properties and morphologic appearance, their requirement for antibody in the ADCC reaction, and the rapidity with which they lyse target cells in the presence of immune serum. The MA cells are predominantly phagocytic and have the morphologic characteristics of monocyte-macrophages, whereas the MNA cells are nonphagocytic and appear to be small to medium-sized lymphocytes. Optimal expression of ADCC by MA cells requires higher concentrations of immune serum than does MNA cell-mediated ADCC. MA-mediated cell killing is first detectable by 8 hr and reaches completion after 24 hr of incubation. In contrast, MNA-mediated ADCC produces target cell damage by 2 hr and reaches completion at 8 hr of incubation. Unlike MNA effector cells, the MA effector cells are profoundly inhibited after preincubation with either latex or silica particles. The HSV immune status of the donor had no effect on the ability of either cell population to mediate ADCC. These data demonstrate the participation of both nonadherent mononuclear cells, presumably K cells, and monocyte-macrophages, in ADCC directed against HSV-infected target cells.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1977

Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes as mediators of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells.

Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PML) were able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against target cells acutely infected with type 1 Herpes simplex virus. The reaction mediated by PML occurred more slowly and required higher concentrations of immune serum than that mediated by human mononuclear cells (MC). At the same ratio of effector cells to target cells, PML-mediated ADCC was less than MC-mediated ADCC. The observed relationship between the number of effector cells added, and the number of target cells lysed, showed that cytolysis mediated by both PML and MC was consistent with 'one hit' probability predictions. This suggested that target cell death resulted from an interaction with a single effector cell. The calculated frequency of effector cells in PML preparation was similar to that in MC, approximately 3-5%. Preliminary examination of the nature of the effector cells suggested that they did not comprise a morphologically distinct subclass of PML. These experiments demonstrate a possible new role for PML in host defence against viral infections.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1976

The hemodynamic effects of intrauterine hypoxia: an experimental model in newborn lambs.

An experimental animal model of intrauterine hypoxia and respiratory distress in newborn lambs was produced by inducing maternal hypotension. Serial hemodynamic data indicated that the oxygenation defect in the lambs was due to right-to-left shunting of blood through fetal channels rather than within the lungs. Shunting was mainly across the foramen ovale, but, in severely distressed animals, significant right-to-left shunt also occurred through the ductus arteriosus. Left-to-right shunts across the ductus arteriosus were found in lambs with milder respiratory distress. The implications of perinatal hypoxia as it affects the pulmonary vascular bed in human neonates with the respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) and persistence of the fetal circulation are discussed. It is speculated that the early pulmonary vascular esponses in the two diseases may be identical.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immunology of herpes simplex virus infection: relevance to herpes simplex virus vaccines and cervical cancer.

The immunology of herpes simplex infections has been reviewed, particularly in relation to potential herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccines, and to the association between HSV and cervical cancer. Relevant data from humans, experimental animals, and in vitro systems implicate both specific immune mechanisms and nonspecific factors in the course of HSV infections. There appear to be complex interactions between the various populations of mononuclear cells, marcrophages, and lymphokines or other humoral factors. It is not yet possible, however, to pinpoint the crucial factors determining the different manifestations of the viral infection (primary infection, endogenous recurrence, or exogenous reinfection) in the various human hosts, although genetic factors may be important. While numerous animal models of HSV infection are available for the evaluation of HSV vaccines, models of HSV-induced cervical cancer require further exploration.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome. Monitoring and control.

Two patients who became comatose with Reye syndrome had continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure and blood pressure. Respirations were controlled, and mannitol and urea were administered to control elevated intracranial pressure. Continuous intracranial pressure monitoring proved to be a valuable adjunct to therapy for Reye syndrome.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1966

Teaching of fertility regulation in medical schools: a survey in the United States and Canada, 1964.

Fertility regulation is taught didactically in 82 of 94 medical school departments of obstetrics and gynecology in the United States and Canada, but students are given clinical experience in only 59 medical schools, according to a survey conducted in 1964 by a committee of the American Public Health Association. Legal prohibitions impeded teaching in 1964 in two States and in all of Canada. Nearly all schools teach that help with fertility regulation should be offered for medical and socioeconomic stress, and most teach that it should be offered routinely in premarital counselling and in the postpartum period, but only two-thirds teach that this help should be given to unmarried adults and only one-third teach that any person requesting help with fertility regulation should receive it.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in neonatal infection with herpes simplex virus.

The role of antibody and, in particular, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies, in preventing or reducing the severity of infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) in neonates is controversial. We have shown that human and murine neonates, in contrast with adults, are relatively deficient in ADCC leukocyte effector cell function. In an adoptive transfer model, the combination of ADCC-active human leukocytes and antibody to HSV could protect neonatal mice from lethal infection with HSV. Use of cells defective in ADCC function (e.g., from human neonates or patients with the CD11,18 deficiency in cell surface adhesive integrin) could not provide protection in this model. Finally, in human neonates the level of ADCC antibody at the time of infection with HSV was associated with severity of illness. Thus, ADCC is an important host defense against neonatal infection with HSV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal herpes simplex pneumonitis.

Four new cases of neonatal herpes pneumonia and five cases from the literature were assessed. Clinical presentations, laboratory abnormalities, and radiographic features were analyzed in an effort to establish helpful criteria for early institution of antiviral therapy. Any neonate who develops respiratory distress between the third and 14th days of life and has a chest radiograph that reveals prominent hilar with a central interstitial infiltrate is at high risk for herpes pneumonia. Antiviral therapy pending antigen detection and culture results should be strongly considered in any such patient when the etiology of pneumonitis is unknown and any of the following is found: (1) thrombocytopenia; (2) evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation; (3) elevated values in liver function tests; (4) a positive result in a rapid screening test for herpes simplex virus; (5) lymphocytic pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid; (6) development of vesicular skin lesions; or (7) further deterioration in clinical status during treatment with antibiotics.

Female↗