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Biomedical subjects

S Kida

Publications and source records attributed to S Kida.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Perivascular cells act as scavengers in the cerebral perivascular spaces and remain distinct from pericytes, microglia and macrophages.

Perivascular cells in the rat brain are an immunophenotypically defined group of cells which can be identified by their expression of the ED2 antigen. The present study investigates the role of perivascular cells as scavengers in the perivascular spaces of the rat brain and the relationship of these cells to microglia, macrophages, pericytes and smooth muscle cells. Particulate matter (Indian ink) was injected selectively into the perivascular spaces of the left caudoputamen of 59 rats. Animals were killed by cardiac perfusion of formalin or glutaraldehyde 2 h-2 years after ink injection. Cerebral hemispheres were examined histologically and immunocytochemically using the ED2 antibody for perivascular cells, ED1 for microglia and macrophages and OX-6 directed against Ia antigen [major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II]. ED2+ perivascular cells ingested Indian ink in the perivascular spaces and expressed MHC class II antigen. Reactive microglia and macrophages in the perivascular parenchyma expressed ED1, but no ED2+ cells were seen outside the perivascular spaces. Transmission electron microscopy distinguished perivascular cells, which ingested carbon particles, from pericytes, which did not. The results of this study suggest that perivascular cells remain distinct from pericytes, microglia and macrophages and that they play a major role as scavengers in the perivascular spaces of the rat brain. This role reflects the importance of perivascular spaces as drainage pathways for soluble and insoluble material from the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage pathways from the rat brain were investigated by the injection of 50 microliters Indian ink into the cisterna magna. The distribution of the ink, as it escaped from the cranial CSF space, was documented in 2 mm thick slices of brain and skull cleared in cedar wood oil and in decalcified paraffin sections. Following injection of the ink, deep cervical lymph nodes were selectively blackened within 30 min and lumbar para-aortic nodes within 6 h. Within the cranial cavity, carbon particles accumulated in the basal cisterns but were also distributed in the paravascular spaces around the middle cerebral arteries and the nasal-olfactory artery. Carbon particles in the subarachnoid space beneath the olfactory bulbs drained directly into discrete channels which passed through the cribriform plate and into lymphatics in the nasal submucosa. Although ink was distributed along the subarachnoid space of the optic nerves and entered the cochlea, the nasal route was the only direct connection between cranial CSF and lymphatics. Arachnoid villi associated with superior and inferior sagittal sinuses were identified and a minor amount of drainage of ink into dural lymphatics was also observed. This study demonstrates the direct drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the cribriform plate in anatomically defined channels which connect with the nasal lymphatics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[A case of Sjögren's syndrome accompanied by lymphadenopathy and IgG4 hypergammaglobulinemia].

A 78-year-old male patient suffered from slight dryness of his mouth and eyes, which was followed by swelling of the parotid and submandibular glands on both sides. Subsequently, he developed generalized lymphadenopathy accompanied by hypergammaglobulinemia IgG 7740 mg/dl, main subclass: IgG4, 5800 mg/dl. Histopathological examination of lymph nodes from his left neck showed follicular proliferation of plasma cells containing cytoplasmic kappa and lambda chains of IgG4, without destruction of the lymph node structure. His serum showed very low levels of complement: 0 U/ml of CH 50, 14 mg/ml of C3 and less than 11 mg/ml of C4. During treatment with prednisolone at 30 mg/day, the swelling of the salivary glands and lymph nodes reduced the IgG and IgG4 decreased and the complement increased. Finally, all lymph nodes, IgG and complement abnormalities were normalized. Anticomplementariness of IgG4 was demonstrated in this patient.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Directional and compartmentalised drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain.

Pathways for drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain were investigated by the injection of 2-5 microliters Indian ink into cerebral white and grey matter and into the subarachnoid space over the vertex of the left frontal lobe. Animals were killed by formalin or glutaraldehyde perfusion 5 min-2 years after injection, and the distribution of ink over the surface of the brain, in 2-mm slices of brain cleared in cedar wood oil, in paraffin sections and by electron microscopy was documented. These investigations showed that carbon particles were distributed diffusely through the interstitial spaces of the white matter whereas they spread selectively along perivascular spaces in the grey matter outlining both arteries and veins and extending to surround capillaries within 1 h. Carbon particles were rapidly ingested by perivascular cells and, to some extent, by meningeal cells surrounding the larger vessels. Very little movement of carbon-labelled perivascular cells and perivascular macrophages was seen after 2 years. Carbon particles entering the subarachnoid space over the vertex of the cerebral hemispheres drained along selected paravascular and subfrontal pathways in the subarachnoid space to the cribriform plate and thence into nasal lymphatics and cervical lymph nodes. These studies demonstrate the diffuse spread of fluidborne tracers through cerebral white matter in the rat, the perivascular spread of tracer in grey matter and the compartmentalised directional flow or tracer through the subarachnoid space to the cribriform plate and nasal lymphatics. Furthermore, particulate matter selectively injected into perivascular spaces in rat grey matter is rapidly and efficiently ingested by perivascular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pulmonary hypertension in MCTD: report of two cases with anticardiolipin antibody.

We report on 2 patients with well-documented mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) accompanied by severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to thrombosis or thromboembolism. In a previous report we indicated (1) that patients with MCTD complicated by PH have a significantly worse prognosis than patients with other connective tissue disease (CTD) complicated by PH. Both our patients had anticardiolipin antibody (a-CL) in the initial stages of the disease. We also studied the relationship of a-CL to PH in patients with other CTD. Patients of either MCTD or SLE with high levels of a-CL had significantly higher values of mean pulmonary arterial pressure than patients without a-CL. Several factors were suggested for the pathogenesis of PH such as vasospasm, arteritis, platelet dysfunction, and thrombosis or thromboembolism. The presence of a-CL may be one of important factors in development of PH among patients with MCTD with recurrent pulmonary thrombosis or thromboembolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pathways of fluid drainage from the brain--morphological aspects and immunological significance in rat and man.

There is firm physiological evidence for the lymphatic drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the brains of rats, rabbits and cats. The object of this review, is to describe firstly the morphological aspects of lymphatic drainage pathways from the rat brain and secondly, to explore through scanning and transmission electron microscope techniques, the possibility of similar lymphatic drainage pathways in man. Interstitial and oedema fluid spreads diffusely through the white matter in the rat and appears to drain into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. In grey matter, however, tracers pass along perivascular spaces to the surface of the brain and into the cerebrospinal fluid. Paravascular compartments in the subarachnoid space follow the course of major arterial branches to the circle of Willis and thence along the ethmoidal arteries to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Particulate tracers, such as Indian ink, enter channels in the arachnoid beneath the olfactory bulbs and connect directly with nasal lymphatics through channels which pass through holes in the cribriform plate. Proteins and other solutes may also drain along other cranial nerves. Thus, there is a bulk flow pathway for interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain into cervical lymphatics. In man, it is probable that diffuse interstitial drainage of fluid from the white matter occurs in a similar way to that in the rat. Furthermore, the anatomical pathways exist by which bulk drainage of fluid could occur along perivascular spaces from the grey matter into perivascular spaces of the leptomeningeal arteries and thence into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Antibody to p40tax protein of human T cell leukemia virus 1 and infectivity.

To investigate the physiologic significance of antibody to human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax gene product (p40tax), 147 male and 243 female HTLV-1 carriers were examined for anti-p40tax, and 104 carriers were checked for anti-p40tax an average of 5.4 times during an 8-year period. Prevalence of anti-p40tax was significantly higher in female (62.6%) than in male subjects (51.0%; P less than .05). Anti-p40tax status did not change in most during the observation period. There were significantly more HTLV-1 carriers among children of anti-p40tax-positive mothers (45.3%) than among those from anti-p40tax-negative mothers (20.0%; P less than .01). However, no significant difference was observed between wives of p40tax-positive and -negative men. The p40tax antibody may be a marker of relative infectivity of HTLV-1, albeit an imperfect one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Studies on von Willebrand factor antigen in endothelial cells and sera of patients with connective tissue diseases].

Von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF: Ag) is known to be produced and excreted by endothelial cells (EC). The influences of interferon (IFN) on surface, excreted and intracellular vWF: Ag amounts of EC were studied by flow cytometry and ELISA. Serum levels of vWF: Ag in patients with connective tissue diseases were also studied by ELISA. Experiments in vitro showed that IFN increased vWF: Ag amounts of EC. Serum levels of vWF: Ag in patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were significantly higher than those of normal subjects, on the other hand, vWF: Ag levels in patients with aortitis syndrome were within normal range. MCTD patients complicated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) [MCTD (PH)] and RA vasculitis (MRA) patients had quite high levels of vWF: Ag. The levels of vWF: Ag seemed to correlate with severity of PH in patients with MCTD (PH). Increased serum levels of vWF: Ag observed in those patients might be induced by EC damaged or influenced by IFN or other cytokines. Monitoring of vWF: Ag levels could be useful to predict the onset and pathologic conditions of MCTD (PH) or related vascular diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study of human arachnoid villi.

The structure of human arachnoid villi was investigated by light and electron microscopy with the aid of immunohistochemical techniques. The human arachnoid villi examined were basically composed of four portions: a fibrous capsule, an arachnoid cell layer, a cap cell cluster, and a central core. The arachnoid cell layer encompassing the central core was mostly covered by the thin fibrous capsule with an endothelial investment. However, the fibrous capsule was often absent at the apical portion of the villus and a factor VIII-related antigen stain failed to confirm the investment of endothelial cells. Instead, the arachnoid cell layer abutted directly upon the lumen of a lateral lacuna or the sinus. The arachnoid cell layer was thickened in places, forming cap cell clusters; it usually consisted of outer and inner zones. On vimentin staining, the former was slightly positive while the latter was strongly positive. The central core contained a network of arachnoid cells intermingled with connective tissue fibers and was in continuity with the cranial subarachnoid space. Electron microscopy showed that the arachnoid cells contained a larger number of intermediate filaments in the inner zone than the outer zone. Ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization showed that vimentin was localized at the intermediate filaments and desmosomal plaques of the arachnoid cells. The arachnoid cells showed a marked variety in both the cell forms and the number of intermediate filaments or desmosomes, depending on their location.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Ultrastructural comparison of arachnoid villi and meningiomas in man.

An ultrastructural comparison of arachnoid villi and meningiomas was made in man. Human arachnoid villi basically consisted of four portions: fibrous capsule; arachnoid cell layer; cap cell cluster; and central core. Arachnoid cells had many characteristic structures in common with meningioma cells: plasmalemmal interdigitations; desmosomes; hemidesmosome-like junctions; and cytoplasmic filaments. Both arachnoid villi and meningiomas were characterized by the numerous extracellular cisterns which appeared to form outflow channels of cerebrospinal or serum fluid. Differences between arachnoid villi and meningiomas pertained to cytoplasmic components reflecting the states of permeability of endothelial cells, junctional complexes, and matrix substances of psammoma bodies. Endothelial cells investing the fibrous capsule contained a number of micropinocytotic vesicles and intracytoplasmic vacuoles, but showed no fenestrations. In contrast, meningiomas not only contained numerous micropinocytotic vesicles and intracytoplasmic vacuoles but also exhibited numerous fenestrations. Furthermore, there were a larger number of junctional complexes between arachnoid cells than meningioma cells. Arachnoid villi contained abundant matrix granules while meningiomas contained only a few matrix granules but a larger number of matrix minerals and vesicles, as the presumptive precursors of psammoma bodies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Synthesis and oral antifungal activity of novel azolylpropanolones and related compounds.

To find orally active antifungal agents, novel imidazolyl- and 1,2,4-triazolylpropanolones I and related compounds II-IV were synthesized. Compounds I were derived from ketones V (method A), alpha-diketone IX (method B), alpha-hydroxy ketones X (method C), alpha-chloro ketone XII (method D), and enones VI (method E). Diols II, synthesized from I with NaBH4, were cyclized to five-membered cyclic compounds III by using N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, thionyl chloride, N,N'-(thiocarbonyl)diimidazole, bromochloromethane, 2,2-dimethoxypropane, and cyclohexanone dimethyl ketal. Diols IV were synthesized from I by Grignard reaction (method F), hydroxymethylation of X (method G), and reaction of ketones XXI with 1-[(trimethylsily)methyl]-1,2,4-triazole (method H). Compounds I-IV were examined for their antifungal activities in vitro by evaluation of broth dilution MIC values against three species of fungi and the inhibitory effect on pseudomycelium of Candida albicans, and they were examined for oral efficacy in vivo against subacute systemic candidiasis in mice and superficial dermatophytosis in guinea pigs. Compounds 2, 12, 38, 39, and 92 exhibited strong oral antifungal activity. An asymmetric synthesis and the structure-activity relationships of the compounds examined are discussed.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1987

Synthesis and antifungal activity of new 1-vinylimidazoles.

Carbonyl compounds I were subjected to an imidazole transfer reaction with N,N'-sulfinyldiimidazole or N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole to obtain the diimidazole II and the monoimidazole III. Various 1-vinylimidazoles IV, derived from o-hydroxyacetophenones by imidazole transfer reaction, were alkylated to furnish the title compounds V. The structure-activity relationships of these 1-vinylimidazole compounds V are described.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1987

Synthesis and antifungal activity of a series of novel 1,2-disubstituted propenones.

To find an antifungal agent other than those of the imidazole and triazole series, a new class of 1,2-disubstituted propenones I and II was prepared and tested for antifungal activity. Comparison of the structure-activity relationships showed that the conjugated structure of carbonyl and exomethylene groups in I and II plays an important role in potent antifungal activity. However, it is noteworthy that compounds 53, 54, and 56, which have a hydroxymethyl or methoxymethyl group instead of an exo-methylene group in I, also showed potent activity. Although many compounds exhibited strong antifungal activity in vitro, none showed activity in vivo of oral efficacy against subacute systemic candidiasis in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

An electron microscopic study of cerebral vasospasm with resultant myonecrosis in cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage, meningitis and trans-sylvian surgery.

Electron microscopic data on the development of myonecrosis following cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage, meningitis and trans-sylvian surgery are presented. The basic feature of myonecrosis was dissolution of myofilaments with resultant fine granular or filamentous material. The disintegrating cytoplasm often contained numerous glycogen granules, dense bodies, autophagic vacuoles and myelin-like membranous bodies. A well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum was preserved despite myofilament dissolution, while mitochondria showed marked swelling. The nuclei showed either dilution of chromatin or pyknotic change. The basal lamina was remarkably thickened and maintained an irregular outline of the necrotic smooth muscle cells. Enlarged intercellular space contained abundant cellular debris, vesicular structures and connective tissue fibres. The pathogenesis of these changes is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Formation of psammoma bodies in meningocytic whorls. Ultrastructural study and analysis of calcified material.

Psammoma bodies in meningocytic whorls were investigated by electron microscopy. In some whorls, connective tissue fibers were seen and membrane-bound vesicles were contiguous to degenerated cells. Some small vesicles, 0.1 to 0.5 micron in diameter, were outlined by plasma membrane (matrix vesicles), other larger ones, about 1 to several micron in diameter, were invested by a thick wall (matrix giant bodies). Mineralized deposits were frequent in these vesicles and occasionally large masses of mineralized connective tissue fibers (psammoma bodies) were seen. Analysis of the material in the mineralized vesicles and fibers, using an energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer, showed that both calcium and phosphorous were evident and hydroxyapatite was substantiated using an X-ray diffractometer. Psammoma body formation in the meningocytic whorls may represent degeneration in some whorls of the central cells which contain connective tissue fibers, producing cell debris such as membrane invested vesicles. Subsequently, calcification occurs in these vesicles, and the mineralization process extends to neighboring connective tissue fibers. The calcified mass forms a psammoma body.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1986

The origin of psammoma bodies in the human arachnoid villi.

The fine structure of the human arachnoid villi was studied to clarify the origin of psammoma bodies. Within the villous surface layer, collagen fibrils and fine granular material clustered forming microcores of variable caliber measuring up to 10 microns. An early stage of psammoma body formation was seen more frequently in these villous microcores than in the meningocytic whorls. The villous microcores contained a large number of membrane-free matrix granules as well as a small number of membrane-bound matrix vesicles and matrix minerals. The matrix granules were irregularly oval structures with electron-lucent halo, measuring 0.05-0.70 micron in diameter. Hydroxyapatite crystals were frequently precipitated within and around the matrix granules which aggregated with calcifying matrix vesicles and matrix minerals. Numerous calcifying matrix granules were present within and around enlarging psammoma bodies. The matrix granules may serve as the principal calcification nidi of psammoma bodies in the human arachnoid villi. The possible mechanisms of matrix granule biogenesis are extrusion of preformed arachnoid cell structures or secretion of fine granular material with its extracellular assemblage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Peritumoral oedema and lipid content.

The authors analyzed the water and lipid contents of oedematous tissues of white matter obtained during the operation, comparing with the absorption value in the CT scan. As the absorption value lowered its level, the water content increased, while the lipid decreased. However, after subtracting these two components, the content of protein also showed a significant decrement parallel to the absorption value despite the existence of extravasated protein. The decrement of lipid content was considered to be due to a dilution effect by an expanded volume of extravasated oedema fluid, as well as the decrease in protein, rather than the actual loss of tissue component; that is demyelination. It is the relative decrease in protein content which contributes to the low absorption value of oedematous tissue.

Adult↗